Mathematics In Ancient Iraq
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Mathematics In Ancient Iraq
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Author : Eleanor Robson
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2020-06-30
Mathematics In Ancient Iraq written by Eleanor Robson and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-30 with Mathematics categories.
This monumental book traces the origins and development of mathematics in the ancient Middle East, from its earliest beginnings in the fourth millennium BCE to the end of indigenous intellectual culture in the second century BCE when cuneiform writing was gradually abandoned. Eleanor Robson offers a history like no other, examining ancient mathematics within its broader social, political, economic, and religious contexts, and showing that mathematics was not just an abstract discipline for elites but a key component in ordering society and understanding the world. The region of modern-day Iraq is uniquely rich in evidence for ancient mathematics because its prehistoric inhabitants wrote on clay tablets, many hundreds of thousands of which have been archaeologically excavated, deciphered, and translated. Drawing from these and a wealth of other textual and archaeological evidence, Robson gives an extraordinarily detailed picture of how mathematical ideas and practices were conceived, used, and taught during this period. She challenges the prevailing view that they were merely the simplistic precursors of classical Greek mathematics, and explains how the prevailing view came to be. Robson reveals the true sophistication and beauty of ancient Middle Eastern mathematics as it evolved over three thousand years, from the earliest beginnings of recorded accounting to complex mathematical astronomy. Every chapter provides detailed information on sources, and the book includes an appendix on all mathematical cuneiform tablets published before 2007.
History Of Mathematics
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Author : Saad Bakir
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2018-07-27
History Of Mathematics written by Saad Bakir and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-27 with categories.
In this book, you will discover the origins of mathematics in the distant past of the Sumerian and Babylonian civilizations. Whether it is Pythagoras' theorem or compound interest accounting, they all began at Sumer and Babylon. Like to know when your bank investment will double? Travel aboard this book some 5000 years back in time to ask a Sumerian banker! Since an early age, Saad Taha Bakir has developed a deep interest in the origins of mathematics. He studied mathematics at the American University of Beirut where he obtained B.S. and M.S. degrees; then he earned a Ph.D. degree in statistics from Virginia Tech. Bakir has taught mathematics and statistics at several national and international universities, and he has published several articles in scholarly journals.
Mesopotamians
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Author : Raymond N. Shekoury
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011-04-08
Mesopotamians written by Raymond N. Shekoury and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-04-08 with Iraq categories.
Mesopotamia (mostly the present-day Iraq) is rich with archeological sites. Over a million tablets were excavated so far. These were the Mesopotamian's CDs. Cuneiform scripts are engraved on those tablets, conveying things about every aspect of the Mesopotamian culture. The book, in spite of its title, is neither a pure historical exposition nor a mathematical presentation. It has a chatting style and entertaining exposition with conjectures, side diversions and fictional stories meant to illustrate ideas presented or to bring home speculations made. Tablets that convey mathematical information reveal a high level of achievements, which the West s overlooks. The math in the book is elementary enough that a high school graduate can follow, but it is of unequal levels. At places, a reader may need a little refreshing of memory. If any reader wishes, he can skip the mathematical formulae with only a minor loss of the story.The book presents several cases of mathematical concepts and methods, attributed today to the Greeks, were in fact originated in Mesopotamia few millennia earlier. The book is sprinkled with fictional stories illustrating how the essential mathematical ideas were discovered in Mesopotamia. One can read how Sargon discovered the notion of tallying. The reader can listen to Nimrod's dialogue with his assistant discovering the place-value system of numeration, and how the gods whispered in his conscience prohibiting the use of an unambiguous symbol for zero. Thus, he has to leave an empty space to signifying zero. This of is the way Mesopotamians expressed their numbers. However, around 700 BC they dealt with this defect by using an explicit symbol for zero. It is fun, to learn how the Mesopotamians counted by the fingers of both hands in a strange manner. That led to the adoption of sixty as a base for their numeration system.The fictional story of the priest, Theo is interesting. It tells how he proved the theorem known today as Pythagoras theorem, while praying and chanting. It is interesting to read what the people of a future hypothetical country at 4000 AD would think about how backward we are. This story has echoes on the controversial subject whether the Mesopotamians had proved their wonderful results or not. Though the book is mainly about the Mesopotamians mathematical contributions, yet there were quick glimpses into other countries at different epochs to learn mainly how did the people over there treated the mischievous zero. Among those countries was Ancient Greece while undergoing their number-gate, which made turn away from updating their number systems and made them concentrate on geometry and excluding Algebra. Peeping into medieval Europe and find them using the awkward Greek alphabetic numeration system or Roman numerals and refusing to adopt the Arabic numbers by describing them as "infidel numbers". Most people were not aware of the commandment "Thou shalt not divide by zero." It was found that the gods punished a mathematician by putting fire on his house because he divided by zero. Mesopotamians were addicted to using math tables, which they had constructed to help perform arithmetic manipulations. They had constructed all kinds of tables for addition, multiplication, inverses, squares, square roots, cubes and exponentiation and more. They used the table of inverses to perform long division; and utilized their tables for solving their practical and math problems, and computing compound interest. A tablet contains the most sophisticated mathematical result yet obtained contains a partial table of Pythagorean triples, which is credited to the Greek Diophantus of the third Century AD, after two thousand years of an unknown Mesopotamian who obtained the list of triples. They made wonderful astronomical observations accumulated centuries-long records concerning motions of stars, without using telescopes. They were able to predict the occurrences of lunar and solar eclipses..
The Mathematics Of Egypt Mesopotamia China India And Islam
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Author : Victor J. Katz
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2021-08-10
The Mathematics Of Egypt Mesopotamia China India And Islam written by Victor J. Katz and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-08-10 with Mathematics categories.
In recent decades it has become obvious that mathematics has always been a worldwide activity. But this is the first book to provide a substantial collection of English translations of key mathematical texts from the five most important ancient and medieval non-Western mathematical cultures, and to put them into full historical and mathematical context. The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam gives English readers a firsthand understanding and appreciation of these cultures' important contributions to world mathematics. The five section authors—Annette Imhausen (Egypt), Eleanor Robson (Mesopotamia), Joseph Dauben (China), Kim Plofker (India), and J. Lennart Berggren (Islam)—are experts in their fields. Each author has selected key texts and in many cases provided new translations. The authors have also written substantial section introductions that give an overview of each mathematical culture and explanatory notes that put each selection into context. This authoritative commentary allows readers to understand the sometimes unfamiliar mathematics of these civilizations and the purpose and significance of each text. Addressing a critical gap in the mathematics literature in English, this book is an essential resource for anyone with at least an undergraduate degree in mathematics who wants to learn about non-Western mathematical developments and how they helped shape and enrich world mathematics. The book is also an indispensable guide for mathematics teachers who want to use non-Western mathematical ideas in the classroom.
Civilizations Of Ancient Iraq
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Author : Benjamin R. Foster
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2021-06-08
Civilizations Of Ancient Iraq written by Benjamin R. Foster and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-08 with History categories.
In Civilizations of Ancient Iraq, Benjamin and Karen Foster tell the fascinating story of ancient Mesopotamia from the earliest settlements ten thousand years ago to the Arab conquest in the seventh century. Accessible and concise, this is the most up-to-date and authoritative book on the subject. With illustrations of important works of art and architecture in every chapter, the narrative traces the rise and fall of successive civilizations and peoples in Iraq over the course of millennia--from the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians to the Persians, Seleucids, Parthians, and Sassanians. Ancient Iraq was home to remarkable achievements. One of the birthplaces of civilization, it saw the world's earliest cities and empires, writing and literature, science and mathematics, monumental art, and innumerable other innovations. Civilizations of Ancient Iraq gives special attention to these milestones, as well as to political, social, and economic history. And because archaeology is the source of almost everything we know about ancient Iraq, the book includes an epilogue on the discovery and fate of its antiquities. Compelling and timely, Civilizations of Ancient Iraq is an essential guide to understanding Mesopotamia's central role in the development of human culture.
Mathematics Across Cultures
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Author : Helaine Selin
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Mathematics Across Cultures written by Helaine Selin and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Mathematics categories.
Mathematics Across Cultures: A History of Non-Western Mathematics consists of essays dealing with the mathematical knowledge and beliefs of cultures outside the United States and Europe. In addition to articles surveying Islamic, Chinese, Native American, Aboriginal Australian, Inca, Egyptian, and African mathematics, among others, the book includes essays on Rationality, Logic and Mathematics, and the transfer of knowledge from East to West. The essays address the connections between science and culture and relate the mathematical practices to the cultures which produced them. Each essay is well illustrated and contains an extensive bibliography. Because the geographic range is global, the book fills a gap in both the history of science and in cultural studies. It should find a place on the bookshelves of advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, and scholars, as well as in libraries serving those groups.
Cultures Of Computation And Quantification In The Ancient World
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Author : Karine Chemla
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2023-01-01
Cultures Of Computation And Quantification In The Ancient World written by Karine Chemla and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-01-01 with Science categories.
This book sheds light on the variety of mathematical cultures in general. To do so, it concentrates on cultures of computation and quantification in the ancient world, mainly in ancient China, South Asia, and the Ancient Near East and offers case studies focused on numbers, quantities, and operations, in particular in relation to mathematics as well as administrative and economic activities. The various chapters focus on the different ways and contexts of shaping numbers and quantities, and on the procedures applied to them. The book places special emphasis on the processes of emergence of place-value number systems, evidenced in the three geographical areas under study All these features yield essential elements that will enable historians of mathematics to further capture the diversity of computation practices in their contexts, whereas previous historical approaches have tended to emphasize elements that displayed uniformity within “civilizational” blocks. The book includes editions and translations of texts, some of them published here for the first time, maps, and conventions for editions of ancient texts. It thereby offers primary sources and methodological tools for teaching and learning. The volume is aimed at historians and philosophers of science and mathematics, historians of the ancient worlds, historians of economics, sinologists, indologists, assyriologists, as well as undergraduate, graduate students and teachers in mathematics, the history and philosophy of science and mathematics, and in the history of ancient worlds.
Mesopotamian Mathematics 2100 1600 Bc
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Author : Eleanor Robson
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 1999
Mesopotamian Mathematics 2100 1600 Bc written by Eleanor Robson and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Mathematics categories.
Mathematics was integral to Mesopotamian scribal culture: indeed, writing was invented towards the end of the fourth millennium B.C. for the express purpose of recording numericalatical information. The main body of this book is a mathematical and philological discussion of the two hundred technical constants, or "coefficients," found in early second millennium mathematics. Their names and mathematical functions are established, leading to improved interpretations of several large mathematical topics. The origins of many coefficients--and much of the more practical mathematics--are traced to late third millennium accounting and quantity surveying practices. Finally, the coefficients are used to examine some aspects of mathematics education in early Mesopotamia.
Ancient Iraq
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Author : Georges Roux
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1976
Ancient Iraq written by Georges Roux and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1976 with Iraq categories.
Mathematical Commentaries In The Ancient World
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Author : Karine Chemla
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2022-06-09
Mathematical Commentaries In The Ancient World written by Karine Chemla and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-06-09 with History categories.
Comparative analysis of the techniques and procedures of important mathematical commentaries in five ancient cultures from China to Greece.