Stress Trauma And Synaptic Plasticity


Stress Trauma And Synaptic Plasticity
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Stress Trauma And Synaptic Plasticity


Stress Trauma And Synaptic Plasticity
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Author : Maxwell Bennett
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-02-01

Stress Trauma And Synaptic Plasticity written by Maxwell Bennett and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-02-01 with Medical categories.


This book presents the latest state of knowledge on grey matter changes in the brain following stress and trauma. Where do these changes take place and what are the underlying molecular mechanisms? These questions are addressed in several sections, providing detailed insights into the cellular and molecular alterations that occur in the brain after stress and trauma. The changes to the grey matter in certain areas of the brain are similar in stressed humans and animals, with the most likely basis for these changes being the degeneration of synaptic connections. In the book’s first sections the reader will learn about the core network of synaptic connections that are affected by stress and trauma disorders. These synaptic connections are modulated by dopamine, serotonin and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). In subsequent chapters, the NMDA-receptor mediated plasticity of these synapses is discussed, with particular attention given to how glucocorticoids can interfere with the function of BDNF and thereby affect the synapse’s physical stability. Furthermore, the reader will learn about the importance of the genetics of the glucocorticoid gene and the epigenetic control of BDNF in connection with synaptic plasticity. The authors conclude by integrating the observations summarized in the previous sections so as to present plausible hypotheses regarding the identity of the networks, synapses and molecular pathways that support fear and extinction. Providing an up-to-date overview of the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and physiological changes in the stressed and traumatized brain, this book will appeal to researchers, clinicians and students in the neurosciences. M. R. Bennett AO is an internationally renowned neuroscientist. He is a professor of Neuroscience & University Chair at the University of Sydney, the founding director of the ‘Brain and Mind Research Institute’ and has been the president and organizer of many societies and symposia. His research has led to groundbreaking revelations in understanding synaptic functioning. He is the author of numerous papers and books, including ‘Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience’ (2003 with Peter Hacker) and the recent works ‘Virginia Woolf and Neuropsychiatry’ (2013), ‘History of Cognitive Neuroscience (2008 with Peter Hacker) and ‘Neuroscience and Philosophy: Brain, Mind and Language (2006 with Daniel Dennett, John Searle and Peter Hacker). Prof. Bennett has received the leading award in biology and medicine in Australia (the Macfarlane Burnet Medal) as well as being made an ‘Office of the Order of Australia’ for his outstanding ‘service to the biological sciences, particularly in the field of neurosciences’. Professor J. Lagopoulos is the inaugural director of the Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience – Thompson Institute, which focuses on mental health and neurological research, clinical services and teaching. He is an expert in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and has been involved in neuroimaging for over 20 years. His work focuses on youth mental health, post-traumatic stress disorders, traumatic brain injury and healthy brain ageing and dementia. Prof. Lagopoulos is a leading academic and medical specialist who has published more than 170 peer-reviewed papers and contributed to several books. He is member of numerous international societies, including the ‘International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine’ and the ‘Organization of Human Brain Mapping’. He has received several awards, including the ‘Westmead Foundation Prize’.



How Fear And Stress Shape The Mind


How Fear And Stress Shape The Mind
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Author : Luke R. Johnson
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2016-09-26

How Fear And Stress Shape The Mind written by Luke R. Johnson and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09-26 with Electronic book categories.


The experience of fear and stress leaves an indelible trace on the brain. This indelible trace is observed as both changes in behavior and changes in neuronal structure and function. Fear and stress interact on many levels. The experience of stress may lead to the formation of a fearful memory trace of a place or reminder cue, and fearful memory formation is regulated by the extent of concurrent stress. The concurrent experience of fear and stress may amplify fear and slow fear extinction which may lead to pathology. Fear memory formation involves changes in synaptic plasticity while stress and glucocorticoids change neuronal structure. Thus, both neurons and synapses are changed. These changes can be identified, visualised and mapped within focused microcircuits. In this Research Topic we focus on current advances in both the neurobiology and behavioral consequences of fear and stress.



Neural Plasticity And Memory


Neural Plasticity And Memory
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Author : Federico Bermudez-Rattoni
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2007-04-17

Neural Plasticity And Memory written by Federico Bermudez-Rattoni and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-04-17 with Science categories.


A comprehensive, multidisciplinary review, Neural Plasticity and Memory: From Genes to Brain Imaging provides an in-depth, up-to-date analysis of the study of the neurobiology of memory. Leading specialists share their scientific experience in the field, covering a wide range of topics where molecular, genetic, behavioral, and brain imaging techniques have been used to investigate how cellular and brain circuits may be modified by experience. In each chapter, researchers present findings and explain their innovative methodologies. The book begins by introducing key issues and providing a historical overview of the field of memory consolidation. The following chapters review the putative genetic and molecular mechanisms of cell plasticity, elaborating on how experience could induce gene and protein expression and describing their role in synaptic plasticity underlying memory formation. They explore how putative modifications of brain circuits and synaptic elements through experience can become relatively permanent and hence improve brain function. Interdisciplinary reviews focus on how nerve cell circuitry, molecular expression, neurotransmitter release, and electrical activity are modified during the acquisition and consolidation of long-term memory. The book also covers receptor activation/deactivation by different neurotransmitters that enable the intracellular activation of second messengers during memory formation. It concludes with a summary of current research on the modulation and regulation that different neurotransmitters and stress hormones have on formation and consolidation of memory.



Translational Research In Traumatic Brain Injury


Translational Research In Traumatic Brain Injury
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Author : Daniel Laskowitz
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2015-12-01

Translational Research In Traumatic Brain Injury written by Daniel Laskowitz and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-12-01 with Medical categories.


Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches has been disappointingly slow. Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury attempts to integrate expertise from across specialties to address knowledge gaps in the field of TBI. Its chapters cover a wide scope of TBI research in five broad areas: Epidemiology Pathophysiology Diagnosis Current treatment strategies and sequelae Future therapies Specific topics discussed include the societal impact of TBI in both the civilian and military populations, neurobiology and molecular mechanisms of axonal and neuronal injury, biomarkers of traumatic brain injury and their relationship to pathology, neuroplasticity after TBI, neuroprotective and neurorestorative therapy, advanced neuroimaging of mild TBI, neurocognitive and psychiatric symptoms following mild TBI, sports-related TBI, epilepsy and PTSD following TBI, and more. The book integrates the perspectives of experts across disciplines to assist in the translation of new ideas to clinical practice and ultimately to improve the care of the brain injured patient.



Post Traumatic Stress Disorder


Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
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Author : Peter Shiromani
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2009-03-06

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder written by Peter Shiromani and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-03-06 with Medical categories.


Post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychiatric illness that can occur in anyone who has experienced a life-threatening or violent event. The trauma can be due to war, terrorism, torture, natural disasters, violence, or rape. In PTSD the brain areas that are likely to be affected are the hippocampus (memory), amygdala (fear association), the prefrontal cortex (cognitive processing), and the ascending reticular activating system (arousal). The chemical of interest is norepinephrine, which is released during a stressful event and is part of the fight-or-flight response meant to mobilize the body to action.The objective of this title is to outline the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder and provide treatment strategies for clinicians. The chapter material from this book has evolved from a seminar on PTSD held recently under the auspices of the VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University Medical Center and Harvard Medical School. We propose a book that will focus on the epidemiology, neurobiology, MRI studies, animal models, arousal and sleep issues, clinical trials, and treatment strategies for clinicians. Treatment will cover such topics as guidelines for treating posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD and the use of mental health services, cognitive intervention therapy, and large scale clinical trials in PTSD. This collection will be a vital source of information to clinicians and neuroscientists.



Early Life Stress Differentially Modulates Distinct Forms Of Brain Plasticity In Young And Adult Mice


Early Life Stress Differentially Modulates Distinct Forms Of Brain Plasticity In Young And Adult Mice
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Author : Inga Sybil Herpfer
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012

Early Life Stress Differentially Modulates Distinct Forms Of Brain Plasticity In Young And Adult Mice written by Inga Sybil Herpfer and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.


Abstract: BackgroundEarly life trauma is an important risk factor for many psychiatric and somatic disorders in adulthood. As a growing body of evidence suggests that brain plasticity is disturbed in affective disorders, we examined the short-term and remote effects of early life stress on different forms of brain plasticity.Methodology/Principal FindingsMice were subjected to early deprivation by individually separating pups from their dam in the first two weeks after birth. Distinct forms of brain plasticity were assessed in the hippocampus by longitudinal MR volumetry, immunohistochemistry of neurogenesis, and whole-cell patch-clamp measurements of synaptic plasticity. Depression-related behavior was assessed by the forced swimming test in adult animals. Neuropeptides and their receptors were determined by real-time PCR and immunoassay. Early maternal deprivation caused a loss of hippocampal volume, which returned to normal in adulthood. Adult neurogenesis was unaffected by early life stress. Long-term synaptic potentiation, however, was normal immediately after the end of the stress protocol but was impaired in adult animals. In the forced swimming test, adult animals that had been subjected to early life stress showed increased immobility time. Levels of substance P were increased both in young and adult animals after early deprivation.ConclusionHippocampal volume was affected by early life stress but recovered in adulthood which corresponded to normal adult neurogenesis. Synaptic plasticity, however, exhibited a delayed impairment. The modulation of synaptic plasticity by early life stress might contribute to affective dysfunction in adulthood



Neurobiology Of Ptsd


Neurobiology Of Ptsd
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Author : Israel Liberzon
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2016

Neurobiology Of Ptsd written by Israel Liberzon and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Medical categories.


Neurobiology of PTSD outlines the basic neural mechanisms that mediate complex responses and adaptations to psychological trauma, describing how these biological processes are impaired in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Throughout three comprehensive sections, expert authors present detailed analysis of the neural circuitry of emotion, biological findings in post-traumatic stress disorder, and neuroscience informed treatment and prevention. This book is a foundational resource for psychiatrists, neuroscientists, psychologists, and allied health professionals.



Epigenetic Pathways In Ptsd How Traumatic Experiences Leave Their Signature On The Genome


Epigenetic Pathways In Ptsd How Traumatic Experiences Leave Their Signature On The Genome
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Author : Tania L Roth
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2015-04-14

Epigenetic Pathways In Ptsd How Traumatic Experiences Leave Their Signature On The Genome written by Tania L Roth and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-04-14 with Epigenetics categories.


This research topic focuses on epigenetic components of PTSD. Epigenetic mechanisms are a class of molecular mechanisms by which environmental influences, including stress, can interact with the genome to have long-term consequences for brain plasticity and behavior. Articles herein include empirical reports and reviews that link stress and trauma with epigenetic alterations in humans and animal models of early- or later-life stress. Themes present throughout the collection include: DNA methylation is a useful biomarker of stress and treatment outcome in humans; epigenetic programming of stress-sensitive physiological systems early in development confers an enhanced risk on disease development upon re-exposure to trauma or stress; and, long-lived fear memories are associated with epigenetic alterations in fear memory and extinction brain circuitry.



Stress Effects On The Developing And Adult Brain


Stress Effects On The Developing And Adult Brain
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Author : Niek Brosens
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2024

Stress Effects On The Developing And Adult Brain written by Niek Brosens and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024 with categories.


"Stress can lastingly modulate experience-dependent changes in our brain that ultimately help to adapt our behavior. The capacity to encode, consolidate and later again retrieve information depends on brain plasticity, which occurs at many different levels ranging from synaptic to cellular and network changes. While generally adaptive in nature, stress also renders the brain vulnerable to psychopathologies, like post-traumatic stress disorder and neurodegenerative disorders, like Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).The first part of this thesis investigates how acute stress influences recent and remote memories in the adult mouse brain. Specifically, we investigated how glucocorticoid hormones affect physical memory traces (i.e. engram cells) and show they enhance the generalization of memories. We also studied how these hormones may disrupt network connectivity to impair remote memory retrieval. The second part of this thesis concerns the lasting effects of exposure to chronic stress early in life. Firstly, the effects of early life stress (ELS) on synaptic function and composition were investigated in the young and adult mouse brain. Secondly, we investigated the effects of ELS on synaptic function, composition and cognition in a mouse model of early AD pathology. Finally, in the same AD model, we assessed whether briefly blocking glucocorticoid signaling during the adolescent period can prevent the effects of ELS on later cognition. Elucidating how stress affects the developing, adult and AD brain may provide mechanistic insights into how stress affects memory and disease susceptibility, which could aid the future development of therapeutic tools."--



Everyday Trauma


Everyday Trauma
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Author : Tracey Shors, PhD
language : en
Publisher: Flatiron Books
Release Date : 2021-12-14

Everyday Trauma written by Tracey Shors, PhD and has been published by Flatiron Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-14 with Psychology categories.


A neuroscientist explores how trauma impacts the brain, especially for women—and how we can learn to heal ourselves Everyone experiences trauma. Whether a specific harrowing event or a series of stressful moments that culminate over time, trauma can echo and etch itself into our brain as we remember it again and again throughout our lives. In Everyday Trauma, neuroscientist Dr. Tracey Shors examines trauma with a focus on its pervasive nature—how it can happen at any time, through big or small events, and how it often reappears in the form of encoded memory. Her research reveals that when we are reminded of our trauma, reliving that tragic moment copies yet another memory of it in our brain, making it that much more difficult to forget. Dr. Shors also explores the neuroscience behind why women in particular are more vulnerable to stress and traumatic events, setting them up to be three times more likely than men to suffer PTSD. With potential long-term consequences such as addiction, anxiety, depression, and PTSD, trauma can have a lasting impact on both the brain and body. Dr. Shors illuminates the effective tools that can reduce the repetitive thoughts that reinforce our traumas, including cognitive-based therapies and trauma-informed care such as her own groundbreaking program, a combination of mental and physical training called MAP Training. By understanding how our brain responds to trauma and practicing proven techniques that can train our brains and help us let go of our tragic memories—whatever they may be—we are better equipped to leave our traumatic pasts behind and live in a brighter present.