Composite Tube Cracking In Kraft Recovery Boilers
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Composite Tube Cracking In Kraft Recovery Boilers A State Of The Art Review
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
Composite Tube Cracking In Kraft Recovery Boilers A State Of The Art Review written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with categories.
Beginning in the mid-1960s, increasing energy costs in Finland and Sweden made energy recovery more critical to the cost-effective operation of a kraft pulp mill. Boiler designers responded to this need by raising the steam operating pressure, but almost immediately the wall tubes in these new boilers began to corrode rapidly. Test panels installed in the walls of the most severely corroding boiler identified austenitic stainless steel as sufficiently resistant to the new corrosive conditions, and discussions with Sandvik AB, a Swedish tube manufacturer, led to the suggestion that coextruded tubes be used for water wall service in kraft recovery boilers. Replacement of carbon steel by coextruded tubes has solved most of the corrosion problems experienced by carbon steel wall tubes, however, these tubes have not been problem-free. Beginning in early 1995, a multidisciplinary research program funded by the US Department of Energy was established to investigate the cause of cracking in coextruded tubes and to develop improved materials for use in water walls and floors of kraft recovery boilers. One portion of that program, a state-of-the-art review of public- and private-domain documents related to coextruded tube cracking in kraft recovery boilers is reported here. Sources of information that were consulted for this review include the following: tube manufacturers, boiler manufacturers, public-domain literature, companies operating kraft recovery boilers, consultants and failure analysis laboratories, and failure analyses conducted specifically for this project. Much of the information contained in this report involves cracking problems experienced in recovery boiler floors and those aspects of spout and air-port-opening cracking not readily attributable to thermal fatigue. 61 refs.
Why Do Kraft Recovery Boiler Composite Floor Tubes Crack
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
Why Do Kraft Recovery Boiler Composite Floor Tubes Crack written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with categories.
Cracks were first reported in 1992 in co-extruded 304L stainless steel/SA210 Gd Al carbon steel floor tubes of North American black liquor recovery boilers. Since then, a considerable amount of information has been collected on the tube environment, crack characteristics, the stress state of the tubes, and the crack initiation and propagation mechanisms. These studies have identified both operating procedures that apparently can greatly lessen the likelihood of crack formation in the stainless steel layer and alternate materials that appear to be much more resistant to cracking than is 304L stainless.
Analysis Of Composite Tube Cracking In Recovery Boiler Floors
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
Analysis Of Composite Tube Cracking In Recovery Boiler Floors written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with categories.
Cracking of co-extruded (generally identified as composite) floor tubes in kraft black liquor recovery boilers was first observed in Scandinavia, but this problem has now been found in many North American boilers. In most cases, cracking in the outer 304L stainless steel has not progressed into the carbon steel, but the potential for such crack propagation is a cause of concern. A multidimensional study has been initiated to characterize the cracking seen in composite floor tubes, to measure the residual stresses resulting from composite tube fabrication, and to predict the stresses in tubes under operating conditions. The characterization studies include review of available reports and documents on composite tube cracking, metallographic examination of a substantial number of cracked tubes, and evaluation of the dislocation structure in cracked tubes. Neutron and X-ray diffraction are being used to determine the residual stresses in composite tubes from two major manufacturers, and finite element analysis is being used to predict the stresses in the tubes during normal operation and under conditions where thermal fluctuations occur.
Cracking And Corrosion Of Composite Tubes In Black Liquor Recovery Boiler Primary Air Ports
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Cracking And Corrosion Of Composite Tubes In Black Liquor Recovery Boiler Primary Air Ports written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
Status Report On Studies Of Recovery Boiler Composite Floor Tube Cracking
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999
Status Report On Studies Of Recovery Boiler Composite Floor Tube Cracking written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with categories.
Cracking of the stainless steel layer of co-extruded 304L stainless steel/SA210 Gd A 1 carbon steel black liquor recovery boiler floor tubes has been identified as one of the most serious material problems in the pulp and paper industry. A DOE-funded study was initiated in 1995 with the goal of determining the cause of and possible solutions to this cracking problem. These studies have characterized tube cracking as well as the chemical and thermal environment and stress state of floor tubes. Investigations of possible cracking mechanisms indicate that stress corrosion cracking rather than thermal fatigue is a more likely cause of crack initiation. The cracking mechanism appears to require the presence of hydrated sodium sulfide and is most likely active during shut-downs and/or start-ups. Based on these results and operating experience, certain alloys appear to be more resistant than others to cracking in the floor environment, and certain operating practices appear to significantly lessen the likelihood of cracking. This report is the latest in a series of progress reports presented on this project.
Overview Of The Doe Studies Of Recovery Boiler Floor Tube Cracking
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
Overview Of The Doe Studies Of Recovery Boiler Floor Tube Cracking written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with categories.
Cracking of the stainless steel layer of coextruded 304L/SA210 recovery boiler floor tubes has been observed in an increasing number of black liquor recovery boilers. Because failure of such tubes is a serious safety concern as well as an economic issue, this project was initiated with the objective of identifying alternate materials or process changes that would prevent tube cracking. Tensile stresses are essential for the most likely failure mechanisms, i.e., fatigue or stress corrosion cracking, therefore stresses were measured at room temperature and modeling was used to predict stresses under operating conditions. Laboratory studies have identified conditions under which composite tubes crack due to thermal fatigue and stress corrosion. Floor tube temperature measurements have defined the magnitude and frequency of temperature fluctuations experienced by such tubes, and smelt corrosion studies have measured the degradation rate when molten smelt comes in contact with tubes. Based on these observations, certain materials appear more likely to resist cracking and certain process changes should help avoid conditions that cause composite tube cracking.
High Temperature Corrosion And Materials Applications
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Author : George Y. Lai
language : en
Publisher: ASM International
Release Date : 2007-01-01
High Temperature Corrosion And Materials Applications written by George Y. Lai and has been published by ASM International this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-01-01 with Technology & Engineering categories.
George Lai's 1990 book, High-Temperature Corrosion of Engineering Alloys, is recognized as authoritative and is frequently consulted and often cited by those in the industry. His new book, almost double in size with seven more chapters, addresses the new concerns, new technologies, and new materials available for those engaged in high-temperature applications. As we strive for energy efficiency, the realm of high-temperature environments is expanding and the need for information on high temperature materials applications was never greater. In addition to extensive expansion on most of the content of the original book, new topics include erosion and erosion-corrosion, low NOx combustion in coal-fired boilers, fluidized bed combustion, and the special demands of waste-to-energy boilers, waste incinerators, and black liquor recovery boilers in the pulp and paper industry. The corrosion induced by liquid metals is discussed and protection options are presented.
Cracking And Corrosion Of Composite Tubes In Black Liquor Recovery Boiler Primary Air Ports
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Cracking And Corrosion Of Composite Tubes In Black Liquor Recovery Boiler Primary Air Ports written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
Tappi Journal
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
Tappi Journal written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Paper industry categories.
Solutions
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Solutions written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Paper industry categories.