Diversity And Endemism In Madagascar

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Species Diversification And Differentiation In The Madagascar And Indian Ocean Islands Biodiversity Hotspot

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Author : Joeri Strijk
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010

Species Diversification And Differentiation In The Madagascar And Indian Ocean Islands Biodiversity Hotspot written by Joeri Strijk and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Compositae categories.

The Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands biodiversity hotspot is renowned for its high levels of species diversity and endemism. Yet despite many hypotheses and a considerable literature, we still know relatively little about the mechanisms of species diversification within the region. Until recently, the major role for high levels of species diversity was attributed solely to breakup of East Gondwana and the isolation of Madagascar and India (120-160Mya). However, an increasing number of studies, employing recent advances in analytical methods, have shown that the origin for many groups post-dates the isolation of Madagascar. Furthermore, Madagascar is embedded in a wider geographical setting of oceanic and microcontinental islands that vary distinctly in origin, age and structure, and that are also home to highly diverse flora and fauna assemblages. Most of these islands are young (2-10My) and the high levels of endemism on these islands therefore can't be explained by Gondwanan vicariance, but only by recent long distance dispersal followed by extensive in-situ diversification processes. In addition, some groups of organisms show higher levels of diversity on young volcanic islands than on Madagascar, which runs counter to expectations given the greater surface area and habitat diversity of Madagascar. Taking into account the disparity in geological ages among the land fragments in the Indian Ocean, theory suggests that diversification on geologically young islands would have proceeded via high levels of diversification rates and rapid shifts over time after new ranges and habitat became available upon colonization. In this thesis we compare major plant lineages (Asteraceae, Myrsinaceae, Monimiaceae) that have undergone extensive diversification in the region. In each of these families we selected highly speciose genera that are characterized by single island endemism, phenotypic diversity and presence on Madagascar and a range of Indian Ocean islands. We found evidence of significant shifts in diversification rates and repeated long distance dispersals to Indian Ocean islands where Madagascar played a central role as a disperser source...

Biodiversity Conservation And Phylogenetic Systematics

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Author : Roseli Pellens
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-02-24

Biodiversity Conservation And Phylogenetic Systematics written by Roseli Pellens and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-02-24 with Science categories.

This book is about phylogenetic diversity as an approach to reduce biodiversity losses in this period of mass extinction. Chapters in the first section deal with questions such as the way we value phylogenetic diversity among other criteria for biodiversity conservation; the choice of measures; the loss of phylogenetic diversity with extinction; the importance of organisms that are deeply branched in the tree of life, and the role of relict species. The second section is composed by contributions exploring methodological aspects, such as how to deal with abundance, sampling effort, or conflicting trees in analysis of phylogenetic diversity. The last section is devoted to applications, showing how phylogenetic diversity can be integrated in systematic conservation planning, in EDGE and HEDGE evaluations. This wide coverage makes the book a reference for academics, policy makers and stakeholders dealing with biodiversity conservation.

Phylogeography Of The Malagasy Ant Species Otontomachus Coquereli

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Author : Jason M. Jackson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013

Phylogeography Of The Malagasy Ant Species Otontomachus Coquereli written by Jason M. Jackson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.

Madagascar is an extremely diverse and geographically complex area boasting levels of endemism that blatantly raise questions about their origins. There is evidence that these endemics arose via insitu diversification during Madagascar's about 88 million year isolation, even though it was essentially in the middle of Gondwana with ample opportunity to acquire inhabitants. Madagascar's high levels of diversity and endemism make it an ideal location to study speciation, especially considering the evidence that such high levels speciation occurred in Madagascar itself. Several hypotheses have been formulated to relate the complex geography to genetic divergence, and thereby speciation. I explore three hypotheses concerning the effect of mountains, rivers, and watersheds on the genetic distribution of the endemic Malagasy ant species Odontomachus coquereli . I recovered three genetic clusters from STRUCTURE arranged from north to south. Genetic diversity in these clusters decreases southward, suggesting a southward migration. Divergence time analysis in IMa2 indicates that these clusters were formed by splits during the last two consecutive ice ages, and the geographical positioning of these clusters indicates that these splits coinciding with ice ages were aided by different montane refugia within the species. Together, the data show that climate change and refugia have been the driving force of genetic structuration in this species.

Conservation And Environmental Management In Madagascar

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Author : Ivan R. Scales
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2014-03-14

Conservation And Environmental Management In Madagascar written by Ivan R. Scales and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-03-14 with Nature categories.

Madagascar is one of the most biologically diverse places on the planet, the result of 160 million years of isolation from the African mainland. More than 80% of its species are not found anywhere else on Earth. However, this highly diverse flora and fauna is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, and the island has been classified as one of the world’s highest conservation priorities. Drawing on insights from geography, anthropology, sustainable development, political science and ecology, this book provides a comprehensive assessment of the status of conservation and environmental management in Madagascar. It describes how conservation organisations have been experimenting with new forms of protected areas, community-based resource management, ecotourism, and payments for ecosystem services. But the country must also deal with pressing human needs. The problems of poverty, development, environmental justice, natural resource use and biodiversity conservation are shown to be interlinked in complex ways. Authors address key questions, such as who are the winners and losers in attempts to conserve biodiversity? And what are the implications of new forms of conservation for rural livelihoods and environmental justice?

The Biodiversity Of African Plants

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Author : Xander van der Maesen
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

The Biodiversity Of African Plants written by Xander van der Maesen and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.

Proceedings of the XIVth AETFAT Congress, 22-27 August 1994, Wageningen, the Netherlands

Mammals Of Madagascar

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Author : Nick Garbutt
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999

Mammals Of Madagascar written by Nick Garbutt and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Nature categories.

Madagascar's long isolation from the African mainland has resulted in the development of a striking array of flora and fauna. Of the 123 species of mammals present on the island, at least 103 are endemic, and there is a remarkable diversity among the six orders of mammals represented. Drawing on unpublished data from eminent field biologists as well as his own firsthand experience, Nick Garbutt provides in this book a thorough and up-to-date overview of the mammals of Madagascar. The book gives clear and concise information on the morphology, behavior, and ecology of each species. He reviews the main biogeographic regions of the island and the habitat types these domains support. And he provides visitors to the island with information about the best places to see the mammals and ways to identify the species.

Biogeography Of Madagascar

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Author : Wilson R. Lourenço
language : en
Publisher: IRD Editions
Release Date : 1996

Biogeography Of Madagascar written by Wilson R. Lourenço and has been published by IRD Editions this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Science categories.

Relating Income Diversity And Wealth To Biodiversity Conservation In Madagascar

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Author : Paul Müller
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020

Relating Income Diversity And Wealth To Biodiversity Conservation In Madagascar written by Paul Müller and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.

The New Natural History Of Madagascar

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Author : Steven M. Goodman
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2022-11-15

The New Natural History Of Madagascar written by Steven M. Goodman and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-11-15 with Science categories.

A marvelously illustrated reference to the natural wonders of one of the most spectacular places on earth Separated from Africa’s mainland for tens of millions of years, Madagascar has evolved a breathtaking wealth of biodiversity, becoming home to thousands of species found nowhere else on the planet. The New Natural History of Madagascar provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date synthesis available of this island nation’s priceless biological treasures. Now fully revised and expanded, this beautifully illustrated compendium features contributions by more than 600 globally renowned experts who cover the history of scientific exploration in Madagascar, as well as the island’s geology and soils, climate, forest ecology, human ecology, marine and coastal ecosystems, plants, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. This invaluable two-volume reference also includes detailed discussions of conservation efforts in Madagascar that showcase several successful protected area programs that can serve as models for threatened ecosystems throughout the world. Provides the most comprehensive overview of Madagascar’s rich natural historyCoedited by 18 different specialistsFeatures hundreds of new contributions by world-class expertsIncludes hundreds of new illustrationsCovers a broad array of topics, from geology and climate to animals, plants, and marine lifeSheds light on newly discovered species and draws on the latest scienceAn essential resource for anyone interested in Madagascar or tropical ecosystems in general, from biologists and conservationists to ecotourists and armchair naturalists

Exploring Patterns Of Genetic Diversity Of A Malagasy Ant Species

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Author : Nicole Annette Lewis
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011

Exploring Patterns Of Genetic Diversity Of A Malagasy Ant Species written by Nicole Annette Lewis and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.

Madagascar is extremely diverse and imperiled. Close to 90% of all land dwelling species are endemic to Madagascar (plants, reptiles, mammals and amphibians). Understanding patterns of genetic diversity for species can aid in better conservation efforts. In this study, I focus on the endemic Malagasy ant species, Anochetus madagascarensis . By employing a broad geographic sample of this species from throughout its distribution and a multilocus genetic data set, I explored population structure and historical factors that affected these patterns. I tested hypotheses proposed to be responsible for generating population structure, and by extension the process of speciation in Madagascar, including geologically based models such as the Riverine and Watershed hypotheses and employed ecological niche modeling to test for evidence of ecologically driven speciation. Four genetic clusters were recovered using GENELAND; one found on Mayotte of the Comoros Islands, one restricted to the eastern coast of Madagascar, one on the northern tip of Madagascar and one along the western dry forests of Madagascar. I found no association between the position of watersheds and the population structure of this species. Rivers do appear to function as barriers to gene flow between the clusters, as major rivers (Sofia in the northwest, Antainambalana in the northeast and Mandrare in the southeast) were found to demarcate the boundaries of the three Malagasy genetic clusters. The persistence of interpopulation migration on the mainland confirms these entities do indeed represent a single species, but the magnitude and pattern of this migration reveals much about the migratory capabilities of this species and the factors that influence interpopulation connectivity. I found that the ecological niche of the four clusters are not identical, but are no less similar than would be expected by chance. Together, these data provide strong support for geographic (allopatric) diversification and the absence of significant ecological divergence despite the occupation of very dissimilar habitat.