G Osyst Mes Et Paysages

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Historical Archaeologies Of Transhumance Across Europe

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Author : Eugene Costello
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2018-03-05

Historical Archaeologies Of Transhumance Across Europe written by Eugene Costello and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-03-05 with Social Science categories.

Transhumance is a form of pastoralism that has been practised around the world since animals were first domesticated. Such seasonal movements have formed an important aspect of many European farming systems for several thousand years, although they have declined markedly since the nineteenth century. Ethnographers and geographers have long been involved in recording transhumant practices, and in the last two decades archaeologists have started to add a new material dimension to the subject. This volume brings together recent advances in the study of European transhumance during historical times, from Sweden to Spain, Romania to Ireland, and beyond that even Newfoundland. While the focus is on the archaeology of seasonal sites used by shepherds and cowherds, the contributions exhibit a high degree of interdisciplinarity. Documentary, cartographic, ethnographic and palaeoecological evidence all play a part in the examination of seasonal movement and settlement in medieval and post-medieval landscapes. Notwithstanding the obvious diversity across Europe in terms of livestock, distances travelled and socio-economic context, an extended introduction to the volume shows that cross-cutting themes are now emerging, including mobility, gendered herding, collective land-use, the agency of non-elite people and competition for grazing and markets. The book will appeal not only to archaeologists, but to historians, geographers, ethnographers, palaeoecologists and anyone interested in rural lifeways across Europe.

Mazes And Labyrinths A General Account Of Their History And Development

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Author : William Henry Matthews
language : en
Publisher: Library of Alexandria
Release Date : 2020-09-28

Mazes And Labyrinths A General Account Of Their History And Development written by William Henry Matthews and has been published by Library of Alexandria this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-09-28 with Fiction categories.

The hedge-maze, which is the only type with which most of us have a first-hand acquaintance, is generally felt to be a survival of a romantic age, even though we esteem its function as nothing higher than that of a playground for children. Many a tender intrigue has been woven around its dark yew alleys. Mr. Compton Mackenzie, for example, introduces it most effectively as a lovers' rendezvous in "The Passionate Elopement," and no doubt the readers of romantic literature will recall other instances of a like nature. The story of fair Rosamond's Bower is one which will leap to the mind in this connection. This type of maze alone is worth more than a passing thought, but it is far from being the only, or even the most interesting, development of the labyrinth idea. What is the difference, it may be asked, between a maze and a labyrinth? The answer is, little or none. Some writers seem to prefer to apply the word "maze" to hedge-mazes only, using the word "labyrinth" to denote the structures described by the writers of antiquity, or as a general term for any confusing arrangement of paths. Others, again, show a tendency to restrict the application of the term "maze" to cases in which the idea of a puzzle is involved. It would certainly seem somewhat inappropriate to talk of "the Cretan Maze" or "the Hampton Court Labyrinth," but, generally speaking, we may use the words interchangeably, regarding "maze" as merely the northern equivalent of the classic "labyrinth." Both words have come to signify a complex path of some kind, but when we press for a closer definition we encounter difficulties. We cannot, for instance, say that it is "a tortuous branched path designed to baffle or deceive those who attempt to find the goal to which it leads," for, though that description holds good in some cases, it ignores the many cases in which there is only one path, without branches, and therefore no intent to baffle or mislead, and others again in which there is no definite "goal." We cannot say that it is a winding path "bounded by walls or hedges," for in many instances there are neither walls nor hedges. One of the most famous labyrinths, for example, consisted chiefly of a vast and complicated series of rooms and columns. In fact, we shall find it convenient to leave the question of the definition of the words, and also that of their origin, until we have examined the various examples that exist or are known to have existed.

Landscape Ecology

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Author : Françoise Burel
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2003-01-05

Landscape Ecology written by Françoise Burel and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-01-05 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Part I: Introduction: Definition of a Discipline: Emergence of Landscape Ecology in the History of Ecology; Recognition of Heterogeneity in Ecological Systems; Taking Human Activities into Account in Ecological Systems; Explicit Accounting for Space and Time; Landscape Ecology is based on Scientific Theories Linked to Ecology and Related DisciplinesLandscpe Ecology: Definition of a Multidisciplinary Approach: Landscape as Understood by the Ecologist; Landscape Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Approach; Landscape Ecology: Application of Results of Fundamental Research to Conservation Biology and Land ManagementPart II: Landscape Structure and Dynamics Analysis of Spatial Structures: Categories of Landscape Elements; From Sample Plots in a Wood to Woods in a Landscape; Typology of Patches and Corridors; Basic Concepts for Quantitative Approaches; Measurement of Heterogeneity; Fragmentation; Connectedness o Return to Scale Dependence: Contribution of Fractal Geometry o Elements of Geostatistics; Typologies of Landscape Structures; General ConclusionDynamics of Landscapes: Questions on Organization and Dynamics of Landscapes Stemming from Observation; Changes in Land use on the Global Scale; Regional Approaches to Changes in Land Use: Variations Depending on Modes of Measurement; Local Approaches to Changes in Land Cover: Importance of Spatialization; Dynamics of Valley Landscapes: The Water Course and its Corridors; Dynamics of Non-Anthropogenic Landscapes; Land cover and Evolving Landscapes, a General PhenomenonOrganization of Landscapes: Categories of Models; The Concept of Organization; Ecological Organization of Landscapes; From Farming Systems to Landscape Diversity; General Approach of Dynamics and Organization of Agrarian Landscapes; Landscape Dynamics and (Re) Organization: Multi-scale and Multidisciplinary ApproachPart III: Ecological Processes within Landscapes: The Functioning of Populations at the Landscape Level: Patch Theory and Functioning of Metapopulations; Multi-habitat Species; Movement in Landscapes; Landscape Dynamics and the Functioning of Populations; Population Models used in Landscape EcologyInterspecific Relationships and Biodiversity in Landscapes: Interspecific Relationships; BiodiversityGeochemical Flows in Landscapes: Buffer Zones; Erosive Phenomena and Landscape Structure; Transfers in Watersheds; ConclusionPart IV: Applications to Landscape Management: Application of Landscape Ecology Concepts to Landscape Management and Design: Corridor Concept Applied to Development; Considering Landscape Ecology Concepts in Establishing Transportation Infrastructures; The Development of Rural Landscapes

The Status And Distribution Of Dragonflies Of The Mediterranean Basin

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009

The Status And Distribution Of Dragonflies Of The Mediterranean Basin written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.

Twilight Of The Mammoths

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Author : Paul S. Martin
language : en
Publisher: Univ of California Press
Release Date : 2007-05-08

Twilight Of The Mammoths written by Paul S. Martin and has been published by Univ of California Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-05-08 with Nature categories.

"Paul S. Martin's innovative ideas on late quaternary extinctions and wildlife restoration have fueled one of science's most stimulating recent debates. He expounds them vividly here, and defends them eloquently. A must-read."—David Rains Wallace, author of Beasts of Eden "This is a marvelous read, by a giant in American prehistory, about one of the greatest mysteries in the earth sciences."—Tim Flannery, author of The Eternal Frontier "Whether or not you agree with Paul Martin, he has shaped how we think about our Pleistocene ancestors and their role in transforming this planet."—Ross D. E. MacPhee, Curator of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History

Incidental Catch Of Vulnerable Species In Mediterranean And Black Sea Fisheries A Review

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Author : Carpentieri, P., Nastasi, A., Sessa, M., Srour, A. (eds.)
language : en
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
Release Date : 2021-06-28

Incidental Catch Of Vulnerable Species In Mediterranean And Black Sea Fisheries A Review written by Carpentieri, P., Nastasi, A., Sessa, M., Srour, A. (eds.) and has been published by Food & Agriculture Org. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-28 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Bycatch – a term widely used to refer to part of the catch unintentionally caught during a fishing operation, in addition to target species, and consisting of the discards and incidental catch of vulnerable species – is considered one of the most important threats to the profitability and sustainability of fisheries, as well as to the conservation of the marine environment and ecosystems. Understanding the bycatch issue and adopting effective measures in order to reduce bycatch rates are essential steps towards minimizing the impacts on vulnerable species and ensuring both a sustainable fisheries sector and healthy seas. In the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, the incidental catch of vulnerable species – namely seabirds, sea turtles, elasmobranchs, marine mammals and macrobenthic invertebrates – represents one of several challenges for the industrial, semi-industrial and small-scale fisheries that coexist in the region, as well as for the diverse and sensitive ecosystems impacted. Typically, data on this issue have been collected in an opportunistic manner and in ways that make comparisons difficult. The annual absolute values of incidental catch of vulnerable species are not available: studies cover only a small portion of the total fishing activity and often present important knowledge gaps for many types of fishing gear, countries and/or subregions, as well as on temporal scales, for example, to establish reliable baselines. The result is that little is known of the scope of the problem, despite incidental catch being a significant pressure on the populations of vulnerable species, as well as a concern for fishers.This regional review is an attempt to compile, in one single document, all available data and historical records on the incidental catch of vulnerable species in the Mediterranean and Black Sea fisheries, obtained from existing literature, databases and other grey sources, and collated in a standardized and comparable way. The main objective is to provide comprehensive baseline information, earmark the main data gaps, as well as identify the most impacting types of fishing gear by taxonomic group. This work is a reminder of the importance of standardized data collection and the need to have baseline information in order to support decision-making in the identification of appropriate bycatch mitigation techniques, thus enabling analysis of their effectiveness and comparison over time and space, as well as facilitating the implementation of relevant conservation and/or management measures at the national, subregional and regional levels.

American Megafaunal Extinctions At The End Of The Pleistocene

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Author : Gary Haynes
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2008-12-23

American Megafaunal Extinctions At The End Of The Pleistocene written by Gary Haynes and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-12-23 with Science categories.

The volume contains summaries of facts, theories, and unsolved problems pertaining to the unexplained extinction of dozens of genera of mostly large terrestrial mammals, which occurred ca. 13,000 calendar years ago in North America and about 1,000 years later in South America. Another equally mysterious wave of extinctions affected large Caribbean islands around 5,000 years ago. The coupling of these extinctions with the earliest appearance of human beings has led to the suggestion that foraging humans are to blame, although major climatic shifts were also taking place in the Americas during some of the extinctions. The last published volume with similar (but not identical) themes -- Extinctions in Near Time -- appeared in 1999; since then a great deal of innovative, exciting new research has been done but has not yet been compiled and summarized. Different chapters in this volume provide in-depth resumés of the chronology of the extinctions in North and South America, the possible insights into animal ecology provided by studies of stable isotopes and anatomical/physiological characteristics such as growth increments in mammoth and mastodont tusks, the clues from taphonomic research about large-mammal biology, the applications of dating methods to the extinctions debate, and archeological controversies concerning human hunting of large mammals.

Pleistocene Extinctions

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1967

Pleistocene Extinctions written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1967 with Extinct animals categories.

Win Win Ecology

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Author : Michael L. Rosenzweig
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2003-04-24

Win Win Ecology written by Michael L. Rosenzweig and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-04-24 with Nature categories.

As humanity presses down inexorably on the natural world, people debate the extent to which we can save the Earth's millions of different species without sacrificing human economic welfare. But is this argument wise? Must the human and natural worlds be adversaries? In this book, ecologist Michael Rosenzweig finds that ecological science actually rejects such polarization. Instead it suggests that, to be successful, conservation must discover how we can blend a rich natural world into the world of economic activity. This revolutionary, common ground between development and conservation is called reconciliation ecology: creating and maintaining species-friendly habitats in the very places where people live, work, or play. The book offers many inspiring examples of the good results already achieved. The Nature Conservancy, for instance, has a cooperative agreement with the Department of Defense, with more than 200 conservation projects taking place on more than 170 bases in 41 states. In places such as Elgin Air Force Base, the human uses-testing munitions, profitable timbering and recreation--continue, but populations of several threatened species on the base, such as the long-leaf pine and the red-cockaded woodpecker, have been greatly improved. The Safe Harbor strategy of the Fish & Wildlife Service encourages private landowners to improve their property for endangered species, thus overcoming the unintended negative aspects of the Endangered Species Act. And Golden Gate Park, which began as a system of sand dunes, has become, through human effort, a world of ponds and shrubs, waterfowl and trees. Rosenzweig shows that reconciliation ecology is the missing tool of conservation, the practical, scientifically based approach that, when added to the rest, will solve the problem of preserving Earth's species.

Assembling Atalh Y K

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Author : Ian Hodder
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-12-02

Assembling Atalh Y K written by Ian Hodder and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-12-02 with Social Science categories.

"Assembling Çatalhöyük, like archaeological remains, can be read in a number of ways. At one level the volume reports on the exciting new discoveries and advances that are being made in the understanding of the 9000 year-old Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük. The site has long been central to debates about early village societies and the formation of mega-sites in the Middle East. The current long-term project has made many advances in our understanding of the site that impact our wider understanding of the Neolithic and its spread into Europe from the Middle East. These advances concern use of the environment, climate change, subsistence practices, social and economic organization, the role of religion, ritual and symbolism. At another level, the volume reports on methodological advances that have been made by team members, including the development of reflexive methods, paperless recording on site, the integrated use of 3D visualization, and interactive archives. The long-term nature of the project allows these various innovations to be evaluated and critiqued. In particular, the volume includes analyses of the social networks that underpin the assembling of data, and documents the complex ways in which arguments are built within quickly transforming alliances and allegiances within the team. In particular, the volume explores how close inter-disciplinarity, and the assembling of different forms of data from different sub-disciplines, allow the weaving together of information into robust, distributed arguments."