Gr Mhara Um Sh Och In Sa Domhan

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The Dean Of Lismore S Book

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Author : Thomas Maclauchlan
language : gd
Publisher:
Release Date : 1862

The Dean Of Lismore S Book written by Thomas Maclauchlan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1862 with Scottish Gaelic language categories.

Neural Machine Translation

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Author : Philipp Koehn
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2020-06-18

Neural Machine Translation written by Philipp Koehn and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-18 with Computers categories.

Learn how to build machine translation systems with deep learning from the ground up, from basic concepts to cutting-edge research.

Etymological Dictionary Of The Hittite Inherited Lexicon

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Author : Alwin Kloekhorst
language : en
Publisher: Leiden Indo-European Etymologi
Release Date : 2008

Etymological Dictionary Of The Hittite Inherited Lexicon written by Alwin Kloekhorst and has been published by Leiden Indo-European Etymologi this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Foreign Language Study categories.

This publication is the first etymological dictionary of the entire Hittite lexicon of Indo-European origin. Furthermore it provides a thorough description of the synchronic phonological system of Hittite as well as a comprehensive study of the Hittite historical phonology.

Statistical Machine Translation

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Author : Philipp Koehn
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2010

Statistical Machine Translation written by Philipp Koehn and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Computers categories.

The dream of automatic language translation is now closer thanks to recent advances in the techniques that underpin statistical machine translation. This class-tested textbook from an active researcher in the field, provides a clear and careful introduction to the latest methods and explains how to build machine translation systems for any two languages. It introduces the subject's building blocks from linguistics and probability, then covers the major models for machine translation: word-based, phrase-based, and tree-based, as well as machine translation evaluation, language modeling, discriminative training and advanced methods to integrate linguistic annotation. The book also reports the latest research, presents the major outstanding challenges, and enables novices as well as experienced researchers to make novel contributions to this exciting area. Ideal for students at undergraduate and graduate level, or for anyone interested in the latest developments in machine translation.

Pronouncing Gaelic English Dictionary

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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Glasgow : Gairm Publications
Release Date : 1971

Pronouncing Gaelic English Dictionary written by and has been published by Glasgow : Gairm Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1971 with English language categories.

The Scottish Celtic Review

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Author :
language : gd
Publisher:
Release Date : 1885

The Scottish Celtic Review written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1885 with Celtic languages categories.

Language Policy And Social Reproduction

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Author : Pádraig Ó Riagáin
language : en
Publisher: Clarendon Press
Release Date : 1997-05-15

Language Policy And Social Reproduction written by Pádraig Ó Riagáin and has been published by Clarendon Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-05-15 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

During the nineteenth century Irish-speaking communities declined almost to the point of extinction. But in 1922 the new Irish state launched a broad strategy to re-establish Irish as a national language. This book is about that policy and its impact over the last seventy years. Ó Riagáin focuses on the evolving structure of bilingualism in Ireland but he is more centrally concerned with the process of bilingual reproduction. His analysis is based on a series of language surveys conducted between 1973 and 1993. In Part I he reviews the evolution of language policy and the main theoretical perspectives emerging in Irish research. In Part II he is concerned with the position of the Irish language in the residual Irish-speaking areas, and in Part III with the present position of the Irish language in the English-speaking areas. He examines the role of policy in education, in the public sector, and in the forming of Irish-speaking networks. He argues that the various dimensions of Irish language policy have been heavily conditioned by the way the Irish economy and, in turn, Irish society has developed since independence. He concludes in Part IV with a discussion of current issues within Irish language policy.

Quality Estimation For Machine Translation

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Author : Lucia Specia
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-05-31

Quality Estimation For Machine Translation written by Lucia Specia and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-05-31 with Computers categories.

Many applications within natural language processing involve performing text-to-text transformations, i.e., given a text in natural language as input, systems are required to produce a version of this text (e.g., a translation), also in natural language, as output. Automatically evaluating the output of such systems is an important component in developing text-to-text applications. Two approaches have been proposed for this problem: (i) to compare the system outputs against one or more reference outputs using string matching-based evaluation metrics and (ii) to build models based on human feedback to predict the quality of system outputs without reference texts. Despite their popularity, reference-based evaluation metrics are faced with the challenge that multiple good (and bad) quality outputs can be produced by text-to-text approaches for the same input. This variation is very hard to capture, even with multiple reference texts. In addition, reference-based metrics cannot be used in production (e.g., online machine translation systems), when systems are expected to produce outputs for any unseen input. In this book, we focus on the second set of metrics, so-called Quality Estimation (QE) metrics, where the goal is to provide an estimate on how good or reliable the texts produced by an application are without access to gold-standard outputs. QE enables different types of evaluation that can target different types of users and applications. Machine learning techniques are used to build QE models with various types of quality labels and explicit features or learnt representations, which can then predict the quality of unseen system outputs. This book describes the topic of QE for text-to-text applications, covering quality labels, features, algorithms, evaluation, uses, and state-of-the-art approaches. It focuses on machine translation as application, since this represents most of the QE work done to date. It also briefly describes QE for several other applications, including text simplification, text summarization, grammatical error correction, and natural language generation.

Amhr In Ch Ige Chonnacht I Iii

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Author : Douglas Hyde
language : ga
Publisher:
Release Date : 1985

Amhr In Ch Ige Chonnacht I Iii written by Douglas Hyde and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Performing Arts categories.

The School Gaelic Dictionary

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Author : Malcolm MacFarlane
language : en
Publisher: Franklin Classics
Release Date : 2018-10-12

The School Gaelic Dictionary written by Malcolm MacFarlane and has been published by Franklin Classics this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-10-12 with categories.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.