History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria
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History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria Volume 1 Of 12
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Author : Gaston Maspero
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2017-06-22
History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria Volume 1 Of 12 written by Gaston Maspero and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-06-22 with categories.
EDITOR'S PREFACE Professor Maspero does not need to be introduced to us. His name is well known in England and America as that of one of the chief masters of Egyptian science as well as of ancient Oriental history and archaeology. Alike as a philologist, a historian, and an archaeologist, he occupies a foremost place in the annals of modern knowledge and research. He possesses that quick apprehension and fertility of resource without which the decipherment of ancient texts is impossible, and he also possesses a sympathy with the past and a power of realizing it which are indispensable if we would picture it aright. His intimate acquaintance with Egypt and its literature, and the opportunities of discovery afforded him by his position for several years as director of the Bulaq Museum, give him an unique claim to speak with authority on the history of the valley of the Nile. In the present work he has been prodigal of his abundant stores of learning and knowledge, and it may therefore be regarded as the most complete account of ancient Egypt that has ever yet been published. In the case of Babylonia and Assyria he no longer, it is true, speaks at first hand. But he has thoroughly studied the latest and best authorities on the subject, and has weighed their statements with the judgment which comes from an exhaustive acquaintance with a similar department of knowledge. Naturally, in progressive studies like those of Egyptology and Assyriology, a good many theories and conclusions must be tentative and provisional only. Discovery crowds so quickly on discovery, that the truth of to-day is often apt to be modified or amplified by the truth of to-morrow. A single fresh fact may throw a wholly new and unexpected light upon the results we have already gained, and cause them to assume a somewhat changed aspect. But this is what must happen in all sciences in which there is a healthy growth, and archaeological science is no exception to the rule. The spelling of ancient Egyptian proper names adopted by Professor Maspero will perhaps seem strange to many. But it must be remembered that all our attempts to represent the pronunciation of ancient Egyptian words can be approximate only; we can never ascertain with certainty how they were actually sounded. All that can be done is to determine what pronunciation was assigned to them in the Greek period, and to work backwards from this, so far as it is possible, to more remote ages. This is what Professor Maspero has done, and it must be no slight satisfaction to him to find that on the whole his system of transliteration is confirmed by the cuneiform tablets of Tel el-Amarna. The difficulties attaching to the spelling of Assyrian names are different from those which beset our attempts to reproduce, even approximately, the names of ancient Egypt. The cuneiform system of writing was syllabic, each character denoting a syllable, so that we know what were the vowels in a proper name as well as the consonants. Moreover, the pronunciation of the consonants resembled that of the Hebrew consonants, the transliteration of which has long since become conventional....
History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria Complete
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Author : Gaston Maspero
language : en
Publisher: Library of Alexandria
Release Date :
History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria Complete written by Gaston Maspero and has been published by Library of Alexandria this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with History categories.
Professor Maspero does not need to be introduced to us. His name is well known in England and America as that of one of the chief masters of Egyptian science as well as of ancient Oriental history and archaeology. Alike as a philologist, a historian, and an archaeologist, he occupies a foremost place in the annals of modern knowledge and research. He possesses that quick apprehension and fertility of resource without which the decipherment of ancient texts is impossible, and he also possesses a sympathy with the past and a power of realizing it which are indispensable if we would picture it aright. His intimate acquaintance with Egypt and its literature, and the opportunities of discovery afforded him by his position for several years as director of the Bulaq Museum, give him an unique claim to speak with authority on the history of the valley of the Nile. In the present work he has been prodigal of his abundant stores of learning and knowledge, and it may therefore be regarded as the most complete account of ancient Egypt that has ever yet been published. In the case of Babylonia and Assyria he no longer, it is true, speaks at first hand. But he has thoroughly studied the latest and best authorities on the subject, and has weighed their statements with the judgment which comes from an exhaustive acquaintance with a similar department of knowledge. Naturally, in progressive studies like those of Egyptology and Assyriology, a good many theories and conclusions must be tentative and provisional only. Discovery crowds so quickly on discovery, that the truth of to-day is often apt to be modified or amplified by the truth of to-morrow. A single fresh fact may throw a wholly new and unexpected light upon the results we have already gained, and cause them to assume a somewhat changed aspect. But this is what must happen in all sciences in which there is a healthy growth, and archaeological science is no exception to the rule. The spelling of ancient Egyptian proper names adopted by Professor Maspero will perhaps seem strange to many. But it must be remembered that all our attempts to represent the pronunciation of ancient Egyptian words can be approximate only; we can never ascertain with certainty how they were actually sounded. All that can be done is to determine what pronunciation was assigned to them in the Greek period, and to work backwards from this, so far as it is possible, to more remote ages. This is what Professor Maspero has done, and it must be no slight satisfaction to him to find that on the whole his system of transliteration is confirmed by the cuneiform tablets of Tel el-Amarna. The difficulties attaching to the spelling of Assyrian names are different from those which beset our attempts to reproduce, even approximately, the names of ancient Egypt. The cuneiform system of writing was syllabic, each character denoting a syllable, so that we know what were the vowels in a proper name as well as the consonants. Moreover, the pronunciation of the consonants resembled that of the Hebrew consonants, the transliteration of which has long since become conventional. When, therefore, an Assyrian or Babylonian name is written phonetically, its correct transliteration is not often a matter of question. But, unfortunately, the names are not always written phonetically. The cuneiform script was an inheritance from the non-Semitic predecessors of the Semites in Babylonia, and in this script the characters represented words as well as sounds. Not unfrequently the Semitic Assyrians continued to write a name in the old Sumerian way instead of spelling it phonetically, the result being that we do not know how it was pronounced in their own language. The name of the Chaldæan Noab, for instance, is written with two characters which ideographically signify "the sun" or "day of life," and of the first of which the Sumerian values were ut, babar, khis, tarn, and par, while the second had the value of zi. Were it not that the Chaldæan historian Bêrôssos writes the name Xisuthros, we should have no clue to its Semitic pronunciation.
History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria In The Light Of Recent Discovery The Original Classic Edition
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Tebbo
Release Date : 2012-03-01
History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria In The Light Of Recent Discovery The Original Classic Edition written by and has been published by Tebbo this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-03-01 with categories.
History Of Egypt, Chald a, Syria, Babylonia, And Assyria In The Light Of Recent Discovery by L.W. King and H.R. Hall - The Original Classic Edition Finally available, a high quality book of the original classic edition. It was previously published by other bona fide publishers, and is now, after many years, back in print. This is a new and freshly published edition of this culturally important work, which is now, at last, again available to you. Enjoy this classic work today. These selected paragraphs distill the contents and give you a quick look inside: plateaus were desert in Pal olithic days as now, and that early man only ...Pal olithic Egyptian weapons, as we have for the Neolithic period. ...that time copper as well as stone weapons were used, so that we may say ...prehistoric age (when the 'Neolithic' period may be said to close) till ...it was not till the publication of M. de Morgan's book that they were
History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria Volume 8 Of 12
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Author : Gaston Maspero
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2017-06-22
History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria Volume 8 Of 12 written by Gaston Maspero and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-06-22 with categories.
CHAPTER I-SENNACHERIB (705-681 B.C.) The struggle of Sennacherib with Judaea and Egypt-Destruction of Babylon. Sennacherib either failed to inherit his father's good fortune, or lacked his ability.* He was not deficient in military genius, nor in the energy necessary to withstand the various enemies who rose against him at widely removed points of his frontier, but he had neither the adaptability of character nor the delicate tact required to manage successfully the heterogeneous elements combined under his sway. * The two principal documents for the reign of Sennacheribare engraved on cylinders: the Taylor Cylinder and theBellino Cylinder, duplicates of which, more or less perfect, exist in the collections of the British Museum. The TaylorCylinder, found at Kouyunjik or Usebi-Yunus, contains thehistory or the first eight years of this reign; the BellinoCylinder treats of the two first years of the reign. He lacked the wisdom to conciliate the vanquished, or opportunely to check his own repressive measures; he destroyed towns, massacred entire tribes, and laid whole tracts of country waste, and by failing to repeople these with captive exiles from other nations, or to import colonists in sufficient numbers, he found himself towards the end of his reign ruling over a sparsely inhabited desert where his father had bequeathed to him flourishing provinces and populous cities. His was the system of the first Assyrian conquerors, Shalmaneser III. and Assur-nazir-pal, substituted for that of Tiglath-pileser III. and Sargon. The assimilation of the conquered peoples to their conquerors was retarded, tribute was no longer paid regularly, and the loss of revenue under this head was not compensated by the uncertain increase in the spoils obtained by war; the recruiting of the army, rendered more difficult by the depopulation of revolted districts, weighed heavier still on those which remained faithful, and began, as in former times, to exhaust the nation. The news of Sargon's murder, published throughout the Eastern world, had rekindled hope in the countries recently subjugated by Assyria, as well as in those hostile to her. Phoenicia, Egypt, Media, and Elam roused themselves from their lethargy and anxiously awaited the turn which events should take at Nineveh and Babylon. Sennacherib did not consider it to his interest to assume the crown of Chaldaea, and to treat on a footing of absolute equality a country which had been subdued by force of arms: he relegated it to the rank of a vassal state, and while reserving the suzerainty for himself, sent thither one of his brothers to rule as king.* * The events which took place at Babylon at the beginning ofSennacherib's reign are known to us from the fragments ofBerosus, compared with the Canon of Ptolemy and Pinches'Babylonian Canon. The first interregnum in the Canon ofPtolemy (704-702 B.C.) is filled in Pinches' Canon by threekings who are said to have reigned as follows: Sennacherib, two years; Marduk-zakir-shumu, one month; Merodach-baladan, nine months....
History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria Volume 9 Of 12
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Author : Gaston Maspero
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2017-06-22
History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria Volume 9 Of 12 written by Gaston Maspero and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-06-22 with categories.
CHAPTER I-THE IRANIAN CONQUEST The Iranian religions-Cyrus in Lydia and at Babylon: Cambyses in Egypt -Darius and the organisation of the empire. The Median empire is the least known of all those which held sway for a time over the destinies of a portion of Western Asia. The reason of this is not to be ascribed to the shortness of its duration: the Chaldaean empire of Nebuchadrezzar lasted for a period quite as brief, and yet the main outlines of its history can be established with some certainty in spite of large blanks and much obscurity. Whereas at Babylon, moreover, original documents abound, enabling us to put together, feature by feature, the picture of its ancient civilisation and of the chronology of its kings, we possess no contemporary monuments of Ecbatana to furnish direct information as to its history. To form any idea of the Median kings or their people, we are reduced to haphazard notices gleaned from the chroniclers of other lands, retailing a few isolated facts, anecdotes, legends, and conjectures, and, as these materials reach us through the medium of the Babylonians or the Greeks of the fifth or sixth century B.C., the picture which we endeavour to compose from them is always imperfect or out of perspective. We seemingly catch glimpses of ostentatious luxury, of a political and military organisation, and a method of government analogous to that which prevailed at later periods among the Persians, but more imperfect, ruder, and nearer to barbarism-a Persia, in fact, in the rudimentary stage, with its ruling spirit and essential characteristics as yet undeveloped. The machinery of state had doubtless been adopted almost in its entirety from the political organisations which obtained in the kingdoms of Assyria, Elam, and Chaldaea, with which sovereignties the founders of the Median empire had held in turns relations as vassals, enemies, and allies; but once we penetrate this veneer of Mesopotamian civilisation and reach the inner life of the people, we find in the religion they profess-mingled with some borrowed traits-a world of unfamiliar myths and dogmas of native origin. The main outlines of this religion were already fixed when the Medes rose in rebellion against Assur-bani-pal; and the very name of Confessor-Fravartish-applied to the chief of that day, proves that it was the faith of the royal family. It was a religion common to all the Iranians, the Persians as well as the Medes, and legend honoured as its first lawgiver and expounder an ancient prophet named Zarathustra, known to us as Zoroaster.* Most classical writers relegated Zoroaster to some remote age of antiquity-thus he is variously said to have lived six thousand years before the death of Plato, ** five thousand before the Trojan war, *** one thousand before Moses, and six hundred before Xerxes' campaign against Athens; while some few only affirmed that he had lived at a comparatively recent period, and made him out a disciple of the philosopher Pythagoras, who flourished about the middle of the fifth century B.C.
History Of Egypt Chaldea Syria Babylonia And Assyria History Of Egypt Chaldea Syria Babylonia And Assyria By G Maspero Edited By A H Sayce Translated By M L Mcclure
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1901
History Of Egypt Chaldea Syria Babylonia And Assyria History Of Egypt Chaldea Syria Babylonia And Assyria By G Maspero Edited By A H Sayce Translated By M L Mcclure written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1901 with Civilization, Ancient categories.
History Of Egypt Chaldea Syria Babylonia And Assyria
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Author : Gaston Maspero
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1903
History Of Egypt Chaldea Syria Babylonia And Assyria written by Gaston Maspero and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1903 with Civilization, Ancient categories.
History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria Volume 2 Of 12
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Author : Gaston Maspero
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2017-06-22
History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria Volume 2 Of 12 written by Gaston Maspero and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-06-22 with categories.
CHAPTER I-THE POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF EGYPT The king, the queen, and the royal princes-Administration under the Pharaohs-Feudalism and the Egyptian priesthood, the military-The citizens and country people. Between the Fayum and the apex of the Delta, the Lybian range expands and forms a vast and slightly undulating table-land, which runs parallel to the Nile for nearly thirty leagues. The Great Sphinx Harmakhis has mounted guard over its northern extremity ever since the time of the Followers of Horus. Illustration: Drawn by Boudier, from La Description del'Egypte, A., vol. v. pl. 7. vignette, which is also byBoudier, represents a man bewailing the dead, in theattitude adopted at funerals by professional mourners ofboth sexes; the right fist resting on the ground, while theleft hand scatters on the hair the dust which he has justgathered up. The statue is in the Gizeh Museum. Hewn out of the solid rock at the extreme margin of the mountain-plateau, he seems to raise his head in order that he may be the first to behold across the valley the rising of his father the Sun. Only the general outline of the lion can now be traced in his weather-worn body. The lower portion of the head-dress has fallen, so that the neck appears too slender to support the weight of the head. The cannon-shot of the fanatical Mamelukes has injured both the nose and beard, and the red colouring which gave animation to his features has now almost entirely disappeared. But in spite of this, even in its decay, it still bears a commanding expression of strength and dignity. The eyes look into the far-off distance with an intensity of deep thought, the lips still smile, the whole face is pervaded with calmness and power. The art that could conceive and hew this gigantic statue out of the mountain-side, was an art in its maturity, master of itself and sure of its effects. How many centuries were needed to bring it to this degree of development and perfection! Drawn by Faucher-Gudin, from a sketch by Lepsius. Thecornerstone at the top of the mastaba, at the extreme leftof the hieroglyphic frieze, had been loosened and thrown tothe ground by some explorer; the artist has restored it toits original position. In later times, a chapel of alabaster and rose granite was erected alongside the god; temples were built here and there in the more accessible places, and round these were grouped the tombs of the whole country. The bodies of the common people, usually naked and uncoffined, were thrust under the sand, at a depth of barely three feet from the surface. Those of a better class rested in mean rectangular chambers, hastily built of yellow bricks, and roofed with pointed vaulting. No ornaments or treasures gladdened the deceased in his miserable resting-place; a few vessels, however, of coarse pottery contained the provisions left to nourish him during the period of his second existence. Some of the wealthy class had their tombs cut out of the mountain-side; but the majority preferred an isolated tomb, a "mastaba,"* comprising a chapel above ground, a shaft, and some subterranean vaults.
History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria Volume 3 Of 12
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Author : Gaston Maspero
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2017-06-22
History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria Volume 3 Of 12 written by Gaston Maspero and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-06-22 with categories.
CHAPTER I-ANCIENT CHALD�AThe Creation, the Deluge, the history of the gods-The country, its cities its inhabitants, its early dynasties."In the time when nothing which was called heaven existed above, and when nothing below had as yet received the name of earth,* Apsu, the Ocean, who first was their father, and Chaos-Ti�mat, who gave birth to them all, mingled their waters in one, reeds which were not united, rushes which bore no fruit."** Life germinated slowly in this inert mass, in which the elements of our world lay still in confusion: when at length it did spring up, it was but feebly, and at rare intervals, through the hatching of divine couples devoid of personality and almost without form. "In the time when the gods were not created, not one as yet, when they had neither been called by their names, nor had their destinies been assigned to them by fate, gods manifested themselves. Lakhmu and Lakhamu were the first to appear, and waxed great for ages; then Anshar and Kishar were produced after them. Days were added to days, and years were heaped upon years: Anu, Inlil, and Ea were born in their turn, for Anshar and Kishar had given them birth." As the generations emanated one from the other, their vitality increased, and the personality of each became more clearly defined; the last generation included none but beings of an original character and clearly marked individuality. Anu, the sunlit sky by day, the starlit firmament by night; Inlil-Bel, the king of the earth; Ea, the sovereign of the waters and the personification of wisdom.*** Each of them duplicated himself, Anu into Anat, Bel into Belit, Ea into Damkina, and united himself to the spouse whom he had deduced from himself. Other divinities sprang from these fruitful pairs, and the impulse once given, the world was rapidly peopled by their descendants. Sin, Shamash, and Kamman, who presided respectively over the moon, the sun, and the air, were all three of equal rank; next came the lords of the planets, Ninib, Merodach, Nergal, the warrior-goddess Ishtar, and Nebo; then a whole army of lesser deities, who ranged themselves around Anu as round a supreme master. Ti�mat, finding her domain becoming more and more restricted owing to the activity of the others, desired to raise battalion against battalion, and set herself to create unceasingly; but her offspring, made in her own image, appeared like those incongruous phantoms which men see in dreams, and which are made up of members borrowed from a score of different animals. They appeared in the form of bulls with human heads, of horses with the snouts of dogs, of dogs with quadruple bodies springing from a single fish-like tail. Some of them had the beak of an eagle or a hawk; others, four wings and two faces; others, the legs and horns of a goat; others, again, the hind quarters of a horse and the whole body of a man. Ti�mat furnished them with terrible weapons, placed them under the command of her husband Kingu, and set out to war against the gods.* In Chald�a, as in Egypt, nothing was supposed to have areal existence until it had received its name: the sentencequoted in the text means practically, that at that timethere was neither heaven nor earth....
History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria Volume 6 Of 12
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Author : Gaston Maspero
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2017-06-22
History Of Egypt Chald A Syria Babylonia And Assyria Volume 6 Of 12 written by Gaston Maspero and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-06-22 with categories.
CHAPTER I-THE CLOSE OF THE THEBAN EMPIRE-(continued)Ramses III.: Manners and Customs-Population-The predominance of Amon and his high priests.Opposite the Thebes of the living, Khaf�tn�b�s, the Thebes of the dead, had gone on increasing in a remarkably rapid manner. It continued to extend in the south-western direction from the heroic period of the XVIIIth dynasty onwards, and all the eminence and valleys were gradually appropriated one after the other for burying-places. At the time of which I am speaking, this region formed an actual town, or rather a chain of villages, each of which was grouped round some building constructed by one or other of the Pharaohs as a funerary chapel. Towards the north, opposite Karnak, they clustered at Drah-abu'l-Neggah around pyramids of the first Theban monarchs, at Qurneh around the mausol� of Ramses I. and Seti I., and at Sheikh Abd el-Qurneh they lay near the Amenopheum and the Pamonkaniq�m�t, or Ramesseum built by Ramses II. Towards the south they diminished in number, tombs and monuments becoming fewer and appearing at wider intervals; the Migdol of Ramses III. formed an isolated suburb, that of Azam�t, at Medinet-Habu; the chapel of Isis, constructed by Amen�thes, son of Hap�, formed a rallying-point for the huts of the hamlet of Karka;* and in the far distance, in a wild gorge at the extreme limit of human habitations, the queens of the Ramesside line slept their last sleep.* The village of Karka or Kaka was identified by Brugschwith the hamlet of De�r el-Medineh: the founder of thetemple was none other than Amen�thes, who was minister underAmen�thes III. Each of these temples had around it its enclosing wall of dried brick, and the collection of buildings within this boundary formed the Kh�r�, or retreat of some one of the Theban Pharaohs, which, in the official language of the time, was designated the "august Kh�r� of millions of years." Drawn by Boudier, from a photograph by Beato.A sort of fortified structure, which was built into one of the corners, served as a place of deposit for the treasure and archives, and could be used as a prison if occasion required.** This was the hliatm�, the dungeon, frequently mentioned inthe documents bearing upon the necropolis.The remaining buildings consisted of storehouses, stables, and houses for the priests and other officials. In some cases the storehouses were constructed on a regular plan which the architect had fitted in with that of the temple. Their ruins at the back and sides of the Ramesseum form a double row of vaults, extending from the foot of the hills to the border of the cultivated lands. Stone recesses on the roof furnished shelter for the watchmen.* The outermost of the village huts stood among the nearest tombs. The population which had been gathered together there was of a peculiar character, and we can gather but a feeble idea of its nature from the surroundings of the cemeteries in our own great cities. Death required, in fact, far more attendants among the ancient Egyptians than with us....