K Lner Autoren Lexikon 1750 2000
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Paper Machines
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Author : Markus Krajewski
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2011-08-19
Paper Machines written by Markus Krajewski and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-08-19 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Why the card catalog—a “paper machine” with rearrangeable elements—can be regarded as a precursor of the computer. Today on almost every desk in every office sits a computer. Eighty years ago, desktops were equipped with a nonelectronic data processing machine: a card file. In Paper Machines, Markus Krajewski traces the evolution of this proto-computer of rearrangeable parts (file cards) that became ubiquitous in offices between the world wars. The story begins with Konrad Gessner, a sixteenth-century Swiss polymath who described a new method of processing data: to cut up a sheet of handwritten notes into slips of paper, with one fact or topic per slip, and arrange as desired. In the late eighteenth century, the card catalog became the librarian's answer to the threat of information overload. Then, at the turn of the twentieth century, business adopted the technology of the card catalog as a bookkeeping tool. Krajewski explores this conceptual development and casts the card file as a “universal paper machine” that accomplishes the basic operations of Turing's universal discrete machine: storing, processing, and transferring data. In telling his story, Krajewski takes the reader on a number of illuminating detours, telling us, for example, that the card catalog and the numbered street address emerged at the same time in the same city (Vienna), and that Harvard University's home-grown cataloging system grew out of a librarian's laziness; and that Melvil Dewey (originator of the Dewey Decimal System) helped bring about the technology transfer of card files to business.
The Restauration Of Paintings
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Author : Knut Nicolaus
language : en
Publisher: Konemann
Release Date : 1999
The Restauration Of Paintings written by Knut Nicolaus and has been published by Konemann this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Art categories.
Describes steps necessary for the preservation of paintings, including the supports, paint layer, and varnish layer. Outlines both traditional and contemporary techniques.
Ars 45
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Author : United States. Agricultural Research Service
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1957
Ars 45 written by United States. Agricultural Research Service and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1957 with Agriculture categories.
Human Information Retrieval
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Author : Julian Warner
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2009-09-25
Human Information Retrieval written by Julian Warner and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-09-25 with Computers categories.
An overview of information retrieval rooted in the humanities and social sciences but informed by an understanding of information technology and information theory. Information retrieval in the age of Internet search engines has become part of ordinary discourse and everyday practice: “Google” is a verb in common usage. Thus far, more attention has been given to practical understanding of information retrieval than to a full theoretical account. In Human Information Retrieval, Julian Warner offers a comprehensive overview of information retrieval, synthesizing theories from different disciplines (information and computer science, librarianship and indexing, and information society discourse) and incorporating such disparate systems as WorldCat and Google into a single, robust theoretical framework. There is a need for such a theoretical treatment, he argues, one that reveals the structure and underlying patterns of this complex field while remaining congruent with everyday practice. Warner presents a labor theoretic approach to information retrieval, building on his previously formulated distinction between semantic and syntactic mental labor, arguing that the description and search labor of information retrieval can be understood as both semantic and syntactic in character. Warner's information science approach is rooted in the humanities and the social sciences but informed by an understanding of information technology and information theory. The chapters offer a progressive exposition of the topic, with illustrative examples to explain the concepts presented. Neither narrowly practical nor largely speculative, Human Information Retrieval meets the contemporary need for a broader treatment of information and information systems.
Thinking In Boxes Digital Original Edition
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Author : Markus Krajewski
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2015-04-01
Thinking In Boxes Digital Original Edition written by Markus Krajewski and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-04-01 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This BIT chronicles the history of the predigital “scholar's machine”: a box of paper slips that acted both as memory aid and text generator. In it, Markus Krajewski describes the scholar's box as a form of data protection, tracing its genealogy beginning with peculiar excerption techniques of early nineteenth century scholars.
Oratio Funebris
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Author : Birgit Boge
language : de
Publisher: Rodopi
Release Date : 1999
Oratio Funebris written by Birgit Boge and has been published by Rodopi this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with History categories.
Der Band ist einem Gegenstand gewidmet, der nach Ansicht mancher Forscher gar nicht existiert. Die frühneuzeitliche Leichenpredigt gilt - nach und aufgrund der eminenten Aufwertung der Gattung durch Martin Luther - in weiten Kreisen der Forschung als exklusives kulturelles Phänomen der protestantischen Territorien innerhalb des deutschsprachigen Raumes, das niemals ein entsprechendes Pendant in den Beerdigungs- und Totenehrungsritualen der katholischen Kirche gefunden habe. Tatsächlich aber ist - trotz aller einschlägigen Verbote der katholischen Kirchenobrigkeiten - eine bislang noch nicht genau quantifizierbare Menge an gedruckten katholischen Leichenpredigten aus dem 16. bis 18. Jahrhundert überliefert, wenn auch in der Überzahl an entlegenen und schwer zugänglichen Orten (zumeist in kirchlichen Privatbibliotheken). Ziel des Bandes ist es, jene über Jahrzehnte hinweg kolportierte Forschungsmeinung zu widerlegen und erste Ansätze zu einer Erschließung von katholischen Leichenpredigten der frühen Neuzeit zu liefern. In zwölf interdisziplinär breit gestreuten Studien werden die unterschiedlichsten druck-, sozial-, frömmigkeits-, rhetorik- und kunstgeschichtlichen Aspekte dieser Gattung katholischer Gebrauchstexte erstmals in den Blick der kulturhistorischen Forschung genommen. Zum anderen werden in einem Katalog die Bestände an deutschsprachigen katholischen Leichenpredigten in Einzeldrucken aus zwei bedeutenden einschlägigen Sammlungen (Stiftsbibliothek Klosterneuburg, Universitätsbibliothek Eichstätt) exemplarisch durch Autopsieaufnahmen auf hohem bibliographischem Niveau erschlossen.
Good Faith Collaboration
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Author : Joseph M. Reagle, Jr.
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2012-09-21
Good Faith Collaboration written by Joseph M. Reagle, Jr. and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-09-21 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
How Wikipedia collaboration addresses the challenges of openness, consensus, and leadership in a historical pursuit for a universal encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, is built by a community—a community of Wikipedians who are expected to “assume good faith” when interacting with one another. In Good Faith Collaboration, Joseph Reagle examines this unique collaborative culture. Wikipedia, says Reagle, is not the first effort to create a freely shared, universal encyclopedia; its early twentieth-century ancestors include Paul Otlet's Universal Repository and H. G. Wells's proposal for a World Brain. Both these projects, like Wikipedia, were fuelled by new technology—which at the time included index cards and microfilm. What distinguishes Wikipedia from these and other more recent ventures is Wikipedia's good-faith collaborative culture, as seen not only in the writing and editing of articles but also in their discussion pages and edit histories. Keeping an open perspective on both knowledge claims and other contributors, Reagle argues, creates an extraordinary collaborative potential. Wikipedia's style of collaborative production has been imitated, analyzed, and satirized. Despite the social unease over its implications for individual autonomy, institutional authority, and the character (and quality) of cultural products, Wikipedia's good-faith collaborative culture has brought us closer than ever to a realization of the century-old pursuit of a universal encyclopedia.
Witchcraft In Early Modern Europe
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Author : Jonathan Barry
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1998-03-12
Witchcraft In Early Modern Europe written by Jonathan Barry and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-03-12 with History categories.
This important collection brings together both established figures and new researchers to offer fresh perspectives on the ever-controversial subject of the history of witchcraft. Using Keith Thomas's Religion and the Decline of Magic as a starting point, the contributors explore the changes of the last twenty-five years in the understanding of early modern witchcraft, and suggest new approaches, especially concerning the cultural dimensions of the subject. Witchcraft cases must be understood as power struggles, over gender and ideology as well as social relationships, with a crucial role played by alternative representations. Witchcraft was always a contested idea, never fully established in early modern culture but much harder to dislodge than has usually been assumed. The essays are European in scope, with examples from Germany, France, and the Spanish expansion into the New World, as well as a strong core of English material.
The Council Of Love
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Author : Oskar Panizza
language : en
Publisher: Viking Books
Release Date : 1973
The Council Of Love written by Oskar Panizza and has been published by Viking Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1973 with Drama categories.
Totemism And Exogamy A Treatise On Certain Early Forms Of Superstition And Society
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Author : James George Frazer
language : en
Publisher: SEVERUS Verlag
Release Date : 2011
Totemism And Exogamy A Treatise On Certain Early Forms Of Superstition And Society written by James George Frazer and has been published by SEVERUS Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with History categories.
"As a plain record of a curious form of society which must soon be numbered with the past, the book may continue to possess an interest even when, with the progress of its knowledge, its errors shall have been corrected and its theories perhaps superseded by others which make a nearer approach to truth." Despite having been criticised later, the book at hand is an important and interesting document of its time. It provided the first complete ethnographical summary of totemism and exogamy, dwelling on its religious and social aspects. Totemism is described as a religious and social system in which people or clans regard themselves as related to certain objects. Exogamy, which is often found in conjunction with totemism, is represented as a system which only allows marriage outside of a specific group. On the whole, Frazer's work includes the origins as well as an ethnographical survey of totemism and exogamy in Australian Aboriginal tribes. Sir James George Frazer was a Scottish social anthropologist who contributed mainly to the studies of mythology and comparative religion and was the first to detail the relations between myths and rituals. His work Totemism and Exogamy is also frequently cited by Sigmund Freud in his own study Totem and Taboo.