Soot

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Soot In Combustion Systems And Its Toxic Properties

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Author : J. Lahaye
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-04-17

Soot In Combustion Systems And Its Toxic Properties written by J. Lahaye and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-17 with Science categories.

Our interest in Mulhouse for carbon black and soot began some 30 years ago when J.B. Donnet developed the concept of surface chemistry of carbon and its involvement in interactions with gas, liquid and solid phases. In the late sixties, we began to study soot formation in pyrolytic systems and later on in flames. The idea of organ1z1ng a meeting on soot formation originated some four or five years ago, through discussions among Professor J.B. Howard, Dr. A. D'Alessio and ourselves. At that time the scientific community was becoming aware of the necessity to strictly control soot formation and emission. Being involved in the study of surface properties of carbon black as well as of formation of soot, we realized that the combustion community was not always fully aware of the progress made by the physical-chemists on carbon black. Reciprocally, the carbon specialists were often ignoring the research carried out on soot in flames. One objective of this workshop was to stimulate discussions between these two scientific communities. During the preparation of the meeting, and especially during the review process by the Material Science Committee of the Scientific Affairs Division of N.A.T.O. the toxicological aspect emerged as being an important component to be addressed during the workshop. To reflect these preoccupations we invited biologists, physical chemists and engineers, all leaders in their field. The final programme is a compromise of the different aspects of the subject and was divided in five sessions.

Soot Formation In Combustion

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Author : Henning Bockhorn
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-08

Soot Formation In Combustion written by Henning Bockhorn and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-08 with Science categories.

Soot Formation in Combustion represents an up-to-date overview. The contributions trace back to the 1991 Heidelberg symposium entitled "Mechanism and Models of Soot Formation" and have all been reedited by Prof. Bockhorn in close contact with the original authors. The book gives an easy introduction to the field for newcomers, and provides detailed treatments for the specialists. The following list of contents illustrates the topics under review:

Effect Of Soot On Heat Transmission In Small Boilers

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Author : P. Nicholls
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1935

Effect Of Soot On Heat Transmission In Small Boilers written by P. Nicholls and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1935 with Boilers categories.

Soot

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Author : Manosh C. Paul
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012

Soot written by Manosh C. Paul and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Soot categories.

During combustion of fossil fuels soot particles form as a by-product when a sufficient amount of oxygen is not present to yield a complete conversion of fuel into major combustion products such as carbon dioxide and water vapour. The soot particles (unburnt carbon) significantly affect the performance and durability of many engineering systems such as gas turbines and diesel engines and are the cause of significant human health problems associated with the respiratory system. Environmentally, the emissions of soot particles from combustion systems are also harmful as they contribute to the global warming. This book covers the important technological issues related to the formation, nanostructure, modelling, health effects, reduction and impact of soots.

Removal Of Soot From Furnaces And Flues By The Use Of Salts Or Compounds

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Author : Percy Nicholls
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1932

Removal Of Soot From Furnaces And Flues By The Use Of Salts Or Compounds written by Percy Nicholls and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1932 with Furnaces categories.

The Chemical Histories Of Soot And Buckminsterfullerene

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Author : Robert Holloway
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Release Date : 2023-03-31

The Chemical Histories Of Soot And Buckminsterfullerene written by Robert Holloway and has been published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-03-31 with Science categories.

Scientists often argue among themselves about the best description of nature. Science journalists, primarily reporters of scientists’ work, and facilitators of their arguments, sometimes go beyond reportage and actually join such arguments, or even initiate them. This book presents the story of such a case. In 1985, the first reports of the discovery of the spherical molecule C60 Buckminsterfullerene, a new third form of carbon beyond diamond and graphite appeared and excited the world, especially the science media. At about the same time, but with much less fanfare, a new description of the formation of the small carbon particles called soot emerged. As this book shows, Nobel laureates-to-be Rick Smalley, Harry Kroto, and Bob Curl sought acknowledgement as discoverers of C60 using the media skillfully. Rudy Baum, a correspondent and eventual editor for premier chemistry newsmagazine Chemical and Engineering News, helped promote and establish the validity of their claim not only by reporting it, but by linking it with the soot science world, evidently contriving an argument between physical chemists and combustion scientists. The soot formation modeler Michael Frenklach tried in vain to quash the notion of such an argument and Chemical and Engineering News never retracted Baum’s spectacular story of conflict.

Soot Formation In Combustion

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Author : Henning Bockhorn
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995-01-01

Soot Formation In Combustion written by Henning Bockhorn and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995-01-01 with Science categories.

Tests Of Additives To Control Soot Deposition In Oil Fired Boilers

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Author : G. L. Hopps
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1962

Tests Of Additives To Control Soot Deposition In Oil Fired Boilers written by G. L. Hopps and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1962 with Boilers categories.

Spectral Emittance Of Soot

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Author : Curt H. Liebert
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1970

Spectral Emittance Of Soot written by Curt H. Liebert and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1970 with Soot categories.

Spectral emittance of thin soot layers on transparent substrates.

Measurement Characterization Identification And Control Of Combustion Produced Soot

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Author : Madhu Singh
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019

Measurement Characterization Identification And Control Of Combustion Produced Soot written by Madhu Singh and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.

The negative health implications associated with combustion produced soot demand identification of contributing sources, quantification and characterization of their emissions to assess its impact, and control to minimize the imposed hazard. Distinguishing different sources of soot from engines and combustors is challenging, given the morphological and chemical similarity of the emitted soot. Leaner combustion conditions and tighter emission limits challenge traditional filter-based measurements for soot mass. Meanwhile, current after-treatment particulate control strategies are based on regeneration, i.e., soot oxidation which in turn depends upon soot nanostructure and composition (such as in a diesel particulate filter). Presently, effects on human health associated with soot exposure are largely correlative, while controlled lab studies predominantly use varied washings or extracts of soot, but rarely the actual particulate. Given the intertwined nature of these topics this dissertation addresses each in an integrated approach. Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is used to determine soot concentration while Time-resolved LII (TiRe-LII) can be used to estimate soot primary particle size largely by using available and appropriate models. The use of laser diagnostics has been used to experimentally demonstrate prevailing inconsistencies between experimentally measured and model-derived particle diameter values. Discrepancies have been attributed (a) to the empiricism associated with evaluating modeling variables and (b) to the lack of proper accountability of the changes in soot nanostructure upon heating with a pulsed laser. This work uses an experimental approach coupled with microscopy to (a) test the robustness of existing LII models and (b) inform existing models of experimental observations so that these can be accounted for in future models. Specifically, the contribution of changing soot nanostructure on laser heating is known and is shown here again with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, the change in soots optical properties because of an altered nanostructure remains unclear. Optical properties change when soot is laser-heated, and this alteration of optical properties upon laser heat treatment has been shown in this work experimentally, by using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Also, the effect of the degree of aggregation on the soots cooling profile is highlighted. This work demonstrates that different degrees of aggregation results in a shift of the time-temperature-history (TTH), thereby resulting in erroneous particle size predictions, which are calculated from the materials TTH. Unfortunately, most models assume point-contacting spheres and aggregation remains unaccounted for. The effect of the thermal accommodation coefficient is similar in that a small change in the value of this mathematical parameter significantly alters particle cooling as simulated here by an open-access simulator, indicating the need to exercise caution when assigning a value to this parameter in the model. While the change in soot nanostructure as a consequence of laser annealing complicates the interpretation from LII measurements, laser heating of soot can reciprocally be used to purposefully study the evolution in soot nanostructure as a function of its chemistry. Soot chemistry varies with its combustion environment, with fuel and combustion conditions specific to each source. Thus, by association, the evolution of soot nanostructure observed upon laser heat treatment can be correlated to its fuel origins and combustion origins, potentially identifying its formation source. Fundamentally, the presence of oxygen in nascent soot is identified here as a key compositional parameter. The increase in oxygen content of the fuel, as diesel is blended with increased proportions of biofuel, is correlated to increased oxygen content in the soot that is generated by the respective fuel. In other words, fuel with a higher oxygen content generates soot which also has oxygen content relatively higher than soot generated by fuel with low oxygen content. This work shows that oxygen dictates the evolution of soot nanostructure when it escapes the material upon laser heat treatment. When laser heated, the nanostructure of soot with a higher oxygen content evolves as hollow-shell like structures while nanostructure of soot with a low oxygen content evolves to show a ribbon-like interior. This divergence in soot nanostructure based on the oxygen content of nascent soot, which in turn is shown to be a function of the fuel composition, could be used to identify the source that generated the soot sample studied. Given the lack of availability of authentic soot samples, the combination of laser heat treatment and TEM of soot to identify fuel or source is powerful when sample quantities are in the range of less than a few nanograms. Being able to identify sources and their contributions using laser derivatization of soot as a diagnostic can help optimize new or existing control measures to reduce the concentration of atmospheric soot. For instance, diesel particulate filters (DPFs) are used to reduce diesel soot emissions. Effective protocols for DPF operation can be developed by understanding soot nanostructure changes as captured soot is oxidized during passive and active DPF regeneration. Typically, O2, NO2 or a combination of the two oxidants are encountered during DPF regeneration. In this work, soot nanostructure has been shown to vary with the order of oxidants to which it is exposed, a significant finding towards optimizing DPF filter regeneration protocols. The study has been performed on authentic diesel soot in a thermogravimetric analyzer under conditions mimicking active and passive regeneration in a DPF. To validate observations with diesel soot, three carbon blacks with varying nanostructure are also subjected to oxidation by O2 and NO2. The intriguing result is that order of oxidation matters, i.e., the oxidation rates are dependent upon nanostructure changes in response to oxidation by O2 alone, or O2 with NO2.Prolonged exposure to particulate matter causes unwanted ill-health, lung dysfunctions, and breathing problems. Most toxicity studies are done using a washing, or an extract of the organic fraction of soot and cells are exposed to this extract. This work tests the adverse effect of soot on human (male) lung cells when these are exposed to surrogate soot as is, i.e., structure and chemistry intact to mimic real-time exposure conditions. The impact of soot chemistry and the presence of acidic functional groups on lung epithelial cells for varying exposure times is demonstrated in our collaborative work with the College of Medicine at Penn State, Hershey, PA. Soot chemistry is shown to directly and adversely impact cell viability and mRNA expressions of the IL-1B and IL-6 cytokines as well as mRNA expression of the TLR4 protein. Specifically, cell viability was shown to reduce significantly after 6- and 24-hours of exposure to carboxylic groups on the soot, thereby demonstrating the health impact of soot surface chemistry in comparison to extracts.In summary, soot measurement, its extensive characterization to identify source contributions and develop practically applicable control strategies has a direct implication on our health and surroundings and can aid in promoting a healthy living environment.