A Study Of Shivering And Non Shivering Thermogenesis In The Rat
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A Study Of Shivering And Non Shivering Thermogenesis In The Rat
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Author : William John Loudon Cable
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1970
A Study Of Shivering And Non Shivering Thermogenesis In The Rat written by William John Loudon Cable and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1970 with Adaptation (Biology) categories.
Contextual Induction Of Non Shivering Thermogenesis And Skeletal Muscle Futile Calcium Cycling In Two Rat Models
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Author : Lydia A. Heemstra
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Contextual Induction Of Non Shivering Thermogenesis And Skeletal Muscle Futile Calcium Cycling In Two Rat Models written by Lydia A. Heemstra and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
More than a third of the world's adults are overweight or obese; people with obesity have increased risk of mortality and multiple diseases. We discovered a novel phenomenon with anti-obesity potential: skeletal muscle can be induced to turn excess energy into heat, and this occurs in rats when they are exposed to the odor of a predator. We hypothesize that a ventromedial hypothalamus - sympathetic nervous system signal to the muscle cell elicits non-shivering thermogenesis, i.e., release of heat independent of contraction. I hypothesized that the mechanism of skeletal muscle non-shivering thermogenesis is futile calcium cycling of the sarcolipin-SERCA complex: sarcolipin is a small protein that inhibits the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA), lowering SERCA's rate of calcium uptake into the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum while SERCA continues to hydrolyze ATP, releasing the energy that is not used to transport calcium as heat instead. First, futile calcium cycling and sarcolipin expression were measured in Sprague Dawley rats exposed to predator odor (PO) or control odor. Second, futile calcium cycling and sarcolipin expression were measured in untreated high and low-capacity runner rats (H/LCR). H/LCR rats are bred from a diverse genetic background, according to their maximal running ability; HCR are lean and LCR become obese. Third, futile calcium cycling and sarcolipin expression were measured in H/LCR rats exposed to PO or control odor. Futile calcium cycling is assessed by calculating calcium uptake rate divided by ATPase activity rate at a standard calcium concentration = apparent coupling ratio (ACR) in soleus muscle tissue. Futile calcium cycling in Sprague Dawley rats increased in response to PO exposure, reflected in a low ACR compared to control odor exposure. Futile calcium cycling was higher in untreated HCR than in untreated LCR. Futile calcium cycling increased in PO-exposed LCR, compared to control-odor exposed LCR; HCR futile calcium cycling did not significantly change. The higher futile calcium cycling in untreated HCR compared to untreated LCR is consistent with the lean HCR and the obesity-prone LCR that model complex health or disease states. The higher futile calcium cycling in the Sprague Dawley and LCR rats exposed to PO, compared to control odor, is consistent with previously recorded muscle thermogenesis. Sarcolipin mRNA expression was measured using qPCR; no differences were seen, likely due to a short time interval between odor exposure and tissue collection, and low statistical power in the untreated H/LCR study. These results provide strong evidence that futile calcium cycling causes skeletal muscle non-shivering thermogenesis. Increasing futile calcium cycling to waste extra energy in humans as a small and temporary increase in skeletal muscle temperature, over time and throughout the large volume of skeletal muscle, could significantly increase energy expenditure, thus promoting weight loss.
The Regulation Of Shivering And Non Shivering Heat Production During Acclimation Of Rats
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Author : T. R. A. Davis
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1958
The Regulation Of Shivering And Non Shivering Heat Production During Acclimation Of Rats written by T. R. A. Davis and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1958 with Cold categories.
Non Shivering Thermogenesis And The Role Of Active Sodium Transport In The Cotton Rat Sigmodon Hispidus
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Author : Charles Harris Peacock
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1977
Non Shivering Thermogenesis And The Role Of Active Sodium Transport In The Cotton Rat Sigmodon Hispidus written by Charles Harris Peacock and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1977 with categories.
Interrelationships Of Low Environmental Temperatures On The Actions Of Drugs
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Author : Gordon E. Johnson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1969
Interrelationships Of Low Environmental Temperatures On The Actions Of Drugs written by Gordon E. Johnson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1969 with categories.
The effect of drugs on cold-exposed rats depends on the duration of exposure prior to treatment. Immediately after exposure to cold the albino rat increases its heat production, largely through an increase in skeletal muscle activity. Since reserpine, chlorpromazine, noradrenaline, and sodium salicylate produce a fall in the metabolic rate of these animals it might be concluded that (1) these drugs in some way inhibit heat production via shivering or (2) that an increase in thermogenesis via skeletal muscle activity is not adequate enough to offset the drug-induced hypothermia. After prolonged exposure, non-shivering thermogenesis contributes a large part of the heat requirement while the contribution due to shivering is reduced. In considering the effects of drugs on thermoregulation, or the actions of drugs at any specific ambient temperature, it appears to be necessary to have information of the effects on: (1) production of heat, (2) loss of heat, (3) body temperature (balance of (1) and (2)), and (4) duration of action at existing body temperature. As usual, dose must be added to these variables. It is apparent that these factors are interdependent. From the work reported it is clear that any study of a drug must be carried out under specific thermal conditions, and when the drug alters the above parameters these too must be stated.
Handbook Of The Biology Of Aging
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Author : Edward J. Masoro
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2011-04-28
Handbook Of The Biology Of Aging written by Edward J. Masoro and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-04-28 with Medical categories.
The Handbook of the Biology of Aging, Sixth Edition, provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research findings in the biology of aging. Intended as a summary for researchers, it is also adopted as a high level textbook for graduate and upper level undergraduate courses. The Sixth Edition is 20% larger than the Fifth Edition, with 21 chapters summarizing the latest findings in research on the biology of aging. The content of the work is virtually 100% new. Though a selected few topics are similar to the Fifth Edition, these chapters are authored by new contributors with new information. The majority of the chapters are completely new in both content and authorship. The Sixth Edition places greater emphasis and coverage on competing and complementary theories of aging, broadening the discussion of conceptual issues. Greater coverage of techniques used to study biological issues of aging include computer modeling, gene profiling, and demographic analyses. Coverage of research on Drosophilia is expanded from one chapter to four. New chapters on mammalian models discuss aging in relation to skeletal muscles, body fat and carbohydrate metabolism, growth hormone, and the human female reproductive system. Additional new chapters summarize exciting research on stem cells and cancer, dietary restriction, and whether age related diseases are an integral part of aging. The Handbook of the Biology of Aging, Sixth Edition is part of the Handbooks on Aging series, including Handbook of the Psychology of Aging and Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, also in their 6th editions.
Strategies In Cold
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Author : Lawrence C.H. Wang
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2012-12-02
Strategies In Cold written by Lawrence C.H. Wang and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-02 with Nature categories.
Strategies in Cold: Natural Torpidity and Thermogenesis is a collection of review papers presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Mammalian Hibernation, held at Jasper Park Lodge, Alberta, Canada on October 3-8, 1977. The book is organized into four sections encompassing 20 chapters that cover the advances made since the 1971 symposium in the areas of molecular, biochemical, and cellular adaptations of natural torpidity and the role of the central nervous system in regulation of natural torpidity. The opening section discusses the possible ways of generating circannual cycle in constant condition and the historical progress in understanding the mechanism of shallow, daily torpor and its distribution in various families predominantly from the marsupial, insectivore, and rodent orders. The application of simple economic models to biological systems to illustrate the principles of torpor in non-mammalian organisms and temperature regulation is also described in this text. Section II examines the central nervous structures involved in thermoregulation in hibernators and compares these data with the results of corresponding experiments in non-hibernators. Topics on the influence of serotonergic pathways in the brain on hypothalamic hormonal factor release and the maintenance and regulation of hibernation through a parasympathetic response are discussed in this section. Section III deals with the cellular and biochemical adaptations in natural torpidity, with an emphasis on the metabolic and endocrine changes in hibernation. Section IV tackles postulated mechanisms for nonshivering thermogenesis and the neurohumoral factors regulating these mechanisms in mammals exposed to short-term as well as to prolonged periods of cold. A discussion on significance and possible central mechanisms of thermoregulatory threshold deviations in the course of thermal adaptation is also provided.
Building The Most Complex Structure On Earth
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Author : Nelson R Cabej
language : en
Publisher: Newnes
Release Date : 2013-04-01
Building The Most Complex Structure On Earth written by Nelson R Cabej and has been published by Newnes this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-01 with Science categories.
Building the Most Complex Structure on Earth provides readers with a basic biological education an easy and understandable introduction into a new epigenetic theory of development and evolution. This is a novel theory that describes the epigenetic mechanisms of the development and evolution of animals and explains the colossal evolution and diversification of animals from a new post-genetic perspective. Modern biology has demonstrated the existence of a common genetic toolkit in the animal kingdom, but neither the number of genes nor the evolution of new genes is responsible for the development and evolution of animals. The failure to understand how the same genetic toolkit is used to produce millions of widely different animal forms remains a perplexing conundrum in modern biology. The novel theory shows that the development and evolution of the animal kingdom are functions of epigenetic mechanisms, which are the competent users of the genetic toolkit. Provides a comprehensive view of the epigenetic aspects of reproduction, development, and evolution. Highly rigorous, but simple enough for readers with only a basic knowledge of biology.
Advances In Comparative And Environmental Physiology
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Author : Lawrence C.H. Wang
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Advances In Comparative And Environmental Physiology written by Lawrence C.H. Wang and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
When survival is challenged by the cold, animals react by employing both behavioral and physiological solutions. Depending on the magni tude of the cold stress and the nature of the adjustment, simple avoidance or sophisticated capacity or resistance compensations may be used. Thus, migration, shelter seeking, metabolic and insulative compen sation, torpor, and freezing avoidance and tolerance are successful tac tics used by diverse groups of animals. To understand and appreciate the benefits of these tactics, it is necessary to examine not only the well being of the whole animal but also their basic underlying mechanisms. In ad dition, it is also of fundamental importance to grasp how seasonal cold affects the survivorship and reproductive success of populations when confronted by a general reduction in primary productivity and an elevated energy cost for maintenance (e. g. in endotherms). In this regard, a synthetic overview which integrates aspects of cell biology, biochem istry, physiology, neurobiology, behavior, and population biology should be a fruitful approach in providing a holistic understanding on how animals adapt to cold. The present volume is an attempt to achieve such an overview; its objective is to provide a depth and breadth of coverage that is essential to a full appreciation of animal adaptation to cold. It is the hope of the contributing authors that this book will serve as an effective reference text for all senior undergraduate and graduate students as well as research scientists with an interest in cold physiology.
Mammalian Thermogenesis
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Author : Lucien Girardier
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2012-01-31
Mammalian Thermogenesis written by Lucien Girardier and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-01-31 with Science categories.
an attempt to rationalize these terminological and conceptual difficulties we have considered the origins of mammalian heat production from two different points of view. The scheme depicted in Fig. 1. 1 illustrates the fate of energy in the body as seen by the nutritionist. After allowing for losses of energy in faeces and urine, the metabolizable energy obtained from food is utilized for main taining and increasing body energy content (maintenance, external work, growth and production). The transformation of metabolizable energy into these forms of net energy also involves inevitable energy losses in the form of heat - thermic energy. Similarly, maintaining homeothermy in cold en vironments involves shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) and the energy costs of assimilating nutrients and retaining net energy results in obligatory heat losses due to diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). This obligatory DIT is mainly due to the energy cost of protein and fat synthesis but, in addition to this, there is an adaptive component of DIT that helps maintain body energy content (i. e. body weight) by dissipating the metabolizable energy consumed in excess of the requirements for maintenance, growth and production. In Fig. 1. 2, we have converted this nutritionist's scheme (A) into one that A B r-------. . . , I I Production, Growth I I External work I I I I Essential energy expenditure NET BASAL Obligatory 1 I ENERGY Maintenance HEAT heat I FASTING at (BMR) productlpn for t ROC thermoneutrallty homeothermia r.