Aircraft Cruise Phase Altitude Optimization Considering Contrail Avoidance
DOWNLOAD
Download Aircraft Cruise Phase Altitude Optimization Considering Contrail Avoidance PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. Click Download or Read Online button to get Aircraft Cruise Phase Altitude Optimization Considering Contrail Avoidance book now. This website allows unlimited access to, at the time of writing, more than 1.5 million titles, including hundreds of thousands of titles in various foreign languages. If the content not found or just blank you must refresh this page
Aircraft Cruise Phase Altitude Optimization Considering Contrail Avoidance
DOWNLOAD
Author : Hang Gao (S.M.)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Aircraft Cruise Phase Altitude Optimization Considering Contrail Avoidance written by Hang Gao (S.M.) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Contrails have been suggested as one of the main contributors to aviation-induced climate impact in recent years. To reduce the climate impact of contrails, mitigation policies such as taxation will be necessary in the future to incentivize jet aircraft operators to reduce contrail production. Contrails form in regions of the atmosphere with the right ambient conditions and they can be avoided by flying around these regions; this research investigates one such contrail avoidance strategy that uses flight level optimization to minimize contrail formation. A cruise phase flight profile system model was developed in this research that optimizes for environmental objectives such as contrails, CO2, and NOx, alongside traditional objectives such as fuelburn and flight time. Using this system model and 11 different aircraft types on 12 weather days, a preliminary study was done to determine the price range of contrail taxation that would incentivize airlines to operationally avoid contrails. Result suggests a price range of 0.12$/NM to 1.13$/NM on contrail tax would effectively incentivize contrail avoidance. Furthermore, since operating costs differ depending on the type of aircraft, a single price on contrail tax may incentivize contrail avoidance on a small aircraft, but not larger ones. To account for this difference, a method of assigning contrail tax to different aircraft types is introduced using the aircraft maximum takeoff weight. Assuming airlines are incentivized to fly contrail avoidance strategies, the climate impact of the flight profiles was evaluated for 287 flights along 12 O-D pairs for the 24 hour day of April 12, 2010. Under various assumptions of contrail radiative forcing and time horizon of climate impact evaluation, the flight level optimization reduced the average climate impact per flight by as much as 39.1% from a baseline of wind-optimal flight at optimal cruise altitude. In comparison, a complementary lateral optimization method reduced 13.3% from the same baseline. Furthermore, flight level optimization shows to be more fuel efficient by reducing the climate impact of contrails by as much as 94% from the baseline, compared to 60% using the lateral approach. In terms of the CO2 emission from the additional fuelburn, the climate impact of lateral method was 4 times higher than the flight level approach. Lastly, result shows that designing for long-term environmental objectives is more energy efficient (reduction in climate impact per additional kilogram of fuel used) than short-term, which suggest reducing CO2 emission is favored over contrail avoidance in designing for climate impact optimal flight profiles.
Estimation Of Potential Aircraft Fuel Burn Reduction In Cruise Via Speed And Altitude Optimization Strategies
DOWNLOAD
Author : Jonathan Anders Lovegren
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Estimation Of Potential Aircraft Fuel Burn Reduction In Cruise Via Speed And Altitude Optimization Strategies written by Jonathan Anders Lovegren and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Environmental performance has become a dominant theme in all transportation sectors. As scientific evidence for global climate change mounts, social and political pressure to reduce fuel burn and C0 2 emissions has increased accordingly, especially in the rapidly growing aviation industry. Operational improvements offer the ability to increase the performance of any aircraft immediately, by simply changing how the aircraft is flown. Cruise phase represents the largest portion of flight, and correspondingly the largest opportunity for fuel burn reduction. This research focuses on the potential efficiency benefits that can be achieved by improving the cruise speed and altitude profiles operated by flights today. Speed and altitude are closely linked with aircraft performance, so optimizing these profiles offers significant fuel burn savings. Unlike lateral route optimization, which simply attempts to minimize the distance flown, speed and altitude changes promise to increase the efficiency of aircraft throughout the entire flight. Flight data was collected for 257 flights during one day of domestic US operations. A process was developed to calculate the cruise fuel burn of each selected flight, based on aircraft performance data obtained from Piano-X and atmospheric data from. NOAA. Improved speed and altitude profiles were then generated for each flight, representing various levels of optimization. Optimal cruise climbs and step climbs of 1,000 and 2,000 ft were analyzed, along with optimal and LRC speed profiles. Results showed that a maximum fuel burn reduction of 3.5% is possible in cruise given complete altitude and speed optimization; this represents 2.6% fuel reduction system-wide, corresponding to 300 billion gallons of jet fuel and 3.2 million tons of CO2 saved annually. Flights showed a larger potential to improve speed performance, with nearly 2.4% savings possible from speed optimization compared to 1.5% for altitude optimization. Few barriers exist to some of the strategies such as step climbs and lower speeds, making them attractive in the near term. As barriers are minimized, speed and altitude trajectory enhancements promise to improve the environmental performance of the aviation industry with relative ease.
Aircraft Design For Reduced Climate Impact
DOWNLOAD
Author : Emily Dallara
language : en
Publisher: Stanford University
Release Date : 2011
Aircraft Design For Reduced Climate Impact written by Emily Dallara and has been published by Stanford University this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Aircraft affect global climate through emissions of greenhouse gases and their precursors and by altering cirrus cloudiness. Changes in operations and design of future aircraft may be necessary to meet goals for limiting climate change. One method for reducing climate impacts involves designing aircraft to fly at altitudes where the impacts of NOx emissions are less severe and persistent contrail formation is less likely. By considering these altitude effects and additionally applying climate mitigation technologies, impacts can be reduced by 45-70% with simultaneous savings in total operating costs. Uncertainty is assessed, demonstrating that relative climate impact savings can be expected despite large scientific uncertainties. Strategies for improving climate performance of existing aircraft are also explored, revealing potential climate impact savings of 20-40%, traded for a 2% increase in total operating costs and reduced maximum range.
Aviation And The Global Atmosphere
DOWNLOAD
Author : Joyce E. Penner
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1999-06-28
Aviation And The Global Atmosphere written by Joyce E. Penner and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-06-28 with Science categories.
This Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report is the most comprehensive assessment available on the effects of aviation on the global atmosphere. The report considers all the gases and particles emitted by aircraft that modify the chemical properties of the atmosphere, leading to changes in radiative properties and climate change, and modification of the ozone layer, leading to changes in ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth. This volume provides accurate, unbiased, policy-relevant information and is designed to serve the aviation industry and the expert and policymaking communities.
Hydrogen Aircraft Technology
DOWNLOAD
Author : G.Daniel Brewer
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-11-22
Hydrogen Aircraft Technology written by G.Daniel Brewer and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-22 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Liquid hydrogen is shown to be the ideal fuel for civil transport aircraft, as well as for many types of military aircraft. Hydrogen Aircraft Technology discusses the potential of hydrogen for subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic applications. Designs with sample configurations of aircraft for all three speed categories are presented, in addition to performance comparisons to equivalent designs for aircraft using conventional kerosine-type fuel and configurations for aircraft using liquid methane fuel. Other topics discussed include conceptual designs of the principal elements of fuel containment systems required for cryogenic fuels, operational elements (e.g., pumps, valves, pressure regulators, heat exchangers, lines and fittings), modifications for turbine engines to maximize the benefit of hydrogen, safety aspects compared to kerosine and methane fueled designs, equipment and facility designs for servicing hydrogen-fueled aircraft, production methods for liquid hydrogen, and the environmental advantages for using liquid hydrogen. The book also presents a plan for conducting the necessary development of technology and introducing hydrogen fuel into the worldwide civil air transport industry. Hydrogen Aircraft Technology will provide fascinating reading for anyone interested in aircraft and hydrogen fuel designs.
Flight Performance Of Fixed And Rotary Wing Aircraft
DOWNLOAD
Author : Antonio Filippone
language : en
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
Release Date : 2006
Flight Performance Of Fixed And Rotary Wing Aircraft written by Antonio Filippone and has been published by Butterworth-Heinemann this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Business & Economics categories.
Calculation and optimisation of flight performance is required to design or select new aircraft, efficiently operate existing aircraft, and upgrade aircraft. It provides critical data for aircraft certification, accident investigation, fleet management, flight regulations and safety. This book presents an unrivalled range of advanced flight performance models for both transport and military aircraft, including the unconventional ends of the envelopes. Topics covered include the numerical solution of supersonic acceleration, transient roll, optimal climb of propeller aircraft, propeller performance, long-range flight with en-route stop, fuel planning, zero-gravity flight in the atmosphere, VSTOL operations, ski jump from aircraft carrier, optimal flight paths at subsonic and supersonic speed, range-payload analysis of fixed- and rotary wing aircraft, performance of tandem helicopters, lower-bound noise estimation, sonic boom, and more.This book will be a valuable text for undergraduate and post-graduate level students of aerospace engineering. It will also be an essential reference and resource for practicing aircraft engineers, aircraft operations managers and organizations handling air traffic control, flight and flying regulations, standards, safety, environment, and the complex financial aspects of flying aircraft.
Commercial Aircraft Propulsion And Energy Systems Research
DOWNLOAD
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2016-08-09
Commercial Aircraft Propulsion And Energy Systems Research written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-09 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The primary human activities that release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere are the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil) to generate electricity, the provision of energy for transportation, and as a consequence of some industrial processes. Although aviation CO2 emissions only make up approximately 2.0 to 2.5 percent of total global annual CO2 emissions, research to reduce CO2 emissions is urgent because (1) such reductions may be legislated even as commercial air travel grows, (2) because it takes new technology a long time to propagate into and through the aviation fleet, and (3) because of the ongoing impact of global CO2 emissions. Commercial Aircraft Propulsion and Energy Systems Research develops a national research agenda for reducing CO2 emissions from commercial aviation. This report focuses on propulsion and energy technologies for reducing carbon emissions from large, commercial aircraftâ€" single-aisle and twin-aisle aircraft that carry 100 or more passengersâ€"because such aircraft account for more than 90 percent of global emissions from commercial aircraft. Moreover, while smaller aircraft also emit CO2, they make only a minor contribution to global emissions, and many technologies that reduce CO2 emissions for large aircraft also apply to smaller aircraft. As commercial aviation continues to grow in terms of revenue-passenger miles and cargo ton miles, CO2 emissions are expected to increase. To reduce the contribution of aviation to climate change, it is essential to improve the effectiveness of ongoing efforts to reduce emissions and initiate research into new approaches.
Securing The Future Of U S Air Transportation
DOWNLOAD
Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2003-12-18
Securing The Future Of U S Air Transportation written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-12-18 with Transportation categories.
As recently as the summer of 2001, many travelers were dreading air transportation because of extensive delays associated with undercapacity of the system. That all changed on 9/11, and demand for air transportation has not yet returned to peak levels. Most U.S. airlines continue to struggle for survival, and some have filed for bankruptcy. The situation makes it difficult to argue that strong action is urgently needed to avert a crisis of undercapacity in the air transportation system. This report assesses the visions and goals for U.S. civil aviation and technology goals for the year 2050.
Heat
DOWNLOAD
Author : George Monbiot
language : en
Publisher: Penguin UK
Release Date : 2007-06-07
Heat written by George Monbiot and has been published by Penguin UK this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-06-07 with Science categories.
'With a dazzling command of science and a relentless faith in people, George Monbiot writes about social change with his eyes wide open' Naomi Klein 'A manifesto for change ... The combination of practical detail and creative thinking is immensely impressive' P. D. Smith, Guardian We know that climate change is happening. We know that it could, if the worst predictions come true, destroy the conditions which make human life possible. Only one question is now worth asking: can it be stopped? In Heat, George Monbiot shows that it can. In every case, he supports his proposals with a rigorous investigation into what works, what doesn't, how much it costs and what the problems might be. He wages war on bad ideas as energetically as he promotes good ones. He is not afraid to attack anyone - friend or foe - whose claims are false or whose figures have been fudged. Heat also contains a breath-taking new exposure of the corporations trying to stop us from taking action.
Linear And Nonlinear Optimization
DOWNLOAD
Author : Igor Griva
language : en
Publisher: SIAM
Release Date : 2009-03-26
Linear And Nonlinear Optimization written by Igor Griva and has been published by SIAM this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-03-26 with Mathematics categories.
Flexible graduate textbook that introduces the applications, theory, and algorithms of linear and nonlinear optimization in a clear succinct style, supported by numerous examples and exercises. It introduces important realistic applications and explains how optimization can address them.