An Analytical And Experimental Study Of Transient Cooling Pond Behavior
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An Analytical And Experimental Study Of Transient Cooling Pond Behavior
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Author : Patrick John Ryan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1973
An Analytical And Experimental Study Of Transient Cooling Pond Behavior written by Patrick John Ryan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1973 with categories.
An Analytical And Experimental Study Of Transient Cooling Pond Behavior
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Author : Patrick J. Ryan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1973
An Analytical And Experimental Study Of Transient Cooling Pond Behavior written by Patrick J. Ryan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1973 with Cooling ponds categories.
Cooling ponds offer many advantages as a means of closed cycle heat dissipation. These are simplicity, low maintenance.and power requirements, aesthetic and possible recreational values, and high thermal inertia. A cooling pond is also subject to minimal environmental problems, since fogging tends to be localized, blowdown water can be stored for long periods, and make-up water requirements are intermittent and often lower than for other closed systems. In s~pite of the above advantages it is presently estimated that less than one third of the closed cycle power stations. built in the next 30 years, will utilize cooling ponds. One reason for this is lack of land, but another reason is the lack of confidence in the ability of existing models to predict cooling pond performance under transient heat loads and meteorological conditions. The use of simple steady state models and various commonly used assumptions as to surface heat loss and circulation patterns can lead to differences of at least 100% in the predicted required land area. Physical models have severe limitations, and this uncertainty in design often results in the rejection of the cooling pond alternative, which may be a mistake from economic, aesthetic and environmental considerations. An analytical and experimental investigation of cooling ponds is conducted. The guiding principle of this investigation is that a cooling pond can be designed on a rational basis only if the desired pond behavior is first clearly defined and the important mechanisms of heat transfer both within the pond itself, and at the water surface, are isolated and quantified. An efficient pond has been defined in terms of maximum surface heat transfer and maximum response time; this leads to the requirement that a pond be capable of sustaining a vertical temperature stratification, that entrance mixing be a minimum, and that a skimmer wall intake be used. The various components of heat transfer at a water surface are discussed, and existing empirical formulae are reviewed. Existing formulae for predicting evaporative flux from an artificially heated water surface are found to be unsatisfactory. Field data indicates that commonly used formulae may predict evaporative losses that are too low by as much as 50% for a heavily loaded water surface. A new formulae is proposed which explicitly accounts for mass transfer due to free convection. This can be very significant at low wind speeds. The proposed formula for evaporative flux performs well both in the laboratory and the field. The effect of entrance mixing and density currents on both the steady state and transient behavior of a cooling pond is examined in the laboratory,,and where possible laboratory results are supported by field observations. It is concluded that the reduction of entrance mixing is a very significant factor in improving the pond performance. In a stratified pond density currents can be of paramount importance in distributing the heat to backwater areas, thus making the pond performance essentially independent of shape. Steady state analytical models and a numerical transient model for the prediction of cooling pond performance are developed. The steady state models demonstrate the effect of entrance mixing and different circulation patterns. The major components of the transient model are a relatively thin surface region with horizontal temperature gradients overlying a deeper subsurface region with vertical temperature gradients. The entrance mixing is determined using the Stolzenbach- Harleman surface jet model, and the M.I.T. reservoir model is used to simulate the subsurface behavior. Output is given in terms of transient surface temperature distribution (area under isotherms), transient vertical temperature distribution, and transient intake temperatures. The transient model has been tested in the laboratory, and against five years of field data on two ponds with completely different characteristics, with very satisfactory results. The input data required by the transient model are that which are available before the pond is built, i.e. the model is predictive. The transient mathematical model is relatively simple and inexpensive, with an execution time of less than 1 minute per simulated year on an IBM 370/155. Thus the model can be used as a design tool, or as a component of a management model which compares different heat disposal alternatives. Design considerations, such as design of outlet and intake, the use of internal diking, and the use of physical models are briefly discussed, and a design approach is recommended.
Nureg Cr
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Author : U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1980
Nureg Cr written by U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1980 with Nuclear energy categories.
Environmental Fluid Mechanics
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Author : Hillel Rubin
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2001-08-17
Environmental Fluid Mechanics written by Hillel Rubin and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-08-17 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Environmental Fluid Mechanics provides comprehensive coverage of a combination of basic fluid principles and their application in a number of different situations-exploring fluid motions on the earth's surface, underground, and in oceans-detailing the use of physical and numerical models and modern computational approaches for the analysis of environmental processes. Environmental Fluid Mechanics covers novel scaling methods for a variety of environmental issues; equations of motion for boundary layers; hydraulic characteristics of open channel flow; surface and internal wave theory; the advection diffusion equation; sediment and associated contaminant transport in lakes and streams; mixed layer modeling in lakes; remediation; transport processes at the air/water interface; and more.
Analysis Of Ultimate Heat Sink Cooling Ponds
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Author : Richard Codell
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1980
Analysis Of Ultimate Heat Sink Cooling Ponds written by Richard Codell and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1980 with Cooling ponds categories.
Handbook Of Environmental Radiation
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Author : Alfred W. Klement
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2019-08-08
Handbook Of Environmental Radiation written by Alfred W. Klement and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-08-08 with Science categories.
The primary aim of the handbook series will be to include as much useful data as possible for the specialist needing ready access for the solution of problems most likely to arise in the radiation protection professions. However, some selected review of fundamental concepts is also included to enable persons with a basic science or engineering background to acquire the necessary knowledge to solve a majority of problems in especially important aspects of radiation protection. Also since the profession is broad in discipline, an attempt has been made to fulfil the frequent need of professionals for a refresher course in some of the more important fundamentals needed to utilize data included in the handbook. Principles of management, organization, and procedures related to radiation safety will also be summarized in later volumes, with attention to presentation of methods for establishing new radiation safety programs based on the accumulated experience of others.
User S Manual For Ladtap Ii
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Author : D. B. Simpson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1980
User S Manual For Ladtap Ii written by D. B. Simpson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1980 with LADTAP II (Computer program) categories.
Proceedings Of The Conference On Waste Heat Management And Utilization 9 11 May 1976 I E 1977 Miami Beach Florida
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1977
Proceedings Of The Conference On Waste Heat Management And Utilization 9 11 May 1976 I E 1977 Miami Beach Florida written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1977 with Heat recovery categories.
Hydrodynamics And Transport For Water Quality Modeling
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Author : James L. Martin
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2018-05-04
Hydrodynamics And Transport For Water Quality Modeling written by James L. Martin and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-04 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Hydrodynamics and Transport for Water Quality Modeling presents a complete overview of current methods used to describe or predict transport in aquatic systems, with special emphasis on water quality modeling. The book features detailed descriptions of each method, supported by sample applications and case studies drawn from the authors' years of experience in the field. Each chapter examines a variety of modeling approaches, from simple to complex. This unique text/reference offers a wealth of information previously unavailable from a single source. The book begins with an overview of basic principles, and an introduction to the measurement and analysis of flow. The following section focuses on rivers and streams, including model complexity and data requirements, methods for estimating mixing, hydrologic routing methods, and unsteady flow modeling. The third section considers lakes and reservoirs, and discusses stratification and temperature modeling, mixing methods, reservoir routing and water balances, and dynamic modeling using one-, two-, and three-dimensional models. The book concludes with a section on estuaries, containing topics such as origins and classification, tides, mixing methods, tidally averaged estuary models, and dynamic modeling. Over 250 figures support the text. This is a valuable guide for students and practicing modelers who do not have extensive backgrounds in fluid dynamics.
Analysis Of Ecological Systems State Of The Art In Ecological Modelling
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Author : W.K. Lauenroth
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2013-10-22
Analysis Of Ecological Systems State Of The Art In Ecological Modelling written by W.K. Lauenroth and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-22 with Science categories.
The International Society for Ecological Modelling (ISEM) sponsors conferences, workshops and training courses with the aim of advancing the development of ecological and environmental modelling. The 3rd International Conference on the state-of-the-art in ecological modelling was sponsored by the ISEM in cooperation with the National Park Service Water Resources Laboratory and hosted by the Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory at Colorado State University. Its theme was the application of ecological modelling to environmental management and this book contains the full texts of the three invited papers presented in the five general sessions, plus the final summaries and syntheses of the topics covered during those sessions.