Animal Models Of Speech And Language Disorders
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Animal Models Of Speech And Language Disorders
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Author : Santosh A. Helekar
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-10-17
Animal Models Of Speech And Language Disorders written by Santosh A. Helekar and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-17 with Medical categories.
Basic research over the last decade or two has uncovered similarities between speech, especially its sensori-motor aspects, and vocal communication in several non-human species. The most comprehensive studies so far have been conducted in songbirds. Songbirds offer us a model system to study the interactions between developmental or genetic predispositions and tutor-dependent influences, on the learning of vocal communication. Songbird research has elucidated cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying learning and production of vocal patterns, perception of vocal sounds, vocal motor control and vocal neuromotor plasticity. More recently, the entire genome of the songbird zebra finch has been sequenced. These discoveries, along with the identification of several genes implicated in familial human speech and language disorders, have made it possible to look for analogues of speech and language dysfunction in zebra finches, at least at the perceptual and sensori-motor levels. Two approaches in particular have led us closer to the development of animal models of human speech conditions, namely developmental stuttering and a familial verbal dyspraxia associated with a mutation in the gene for the transcription factor FoxP2. Work on other animals that show developmental sensori-motor learning of vocal sounds used for communication have also shown significant progress, leading to the possibility of development of models of speech and language dysfunction in them. Among mammals, the principal ones include dolphins and whales. In non-human primates, while vocal learning per se is not very prominent, investigations on their communicative abilities have thrown some light on the rudiments of language. These considerations make the publication of a book focused on animal models of speech and language disorders, detailing the overall investigative approach of neurobehavioral studies in animals capable of vocal communication and learned vocalizations, a much-needed and worthwhile project. It would serve as a unifying review of research in this new multidisciplinary frontier, spanning the molecular to the behavioral, for clinicians and researchers, as well as a teaching resource for advanced speech pathology and neuroscience students. This book will also be the first of its kind.
Using Engineered Mouse Models As A Probe For The Genetic Substrates Of Developmental Language And Communication Disorders
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Author : Peter Perrino
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Using Engineered Mouse Models As A Probe For The Genetic Substrates Of Developmental Language And Communication Disorders written by Peter Perrino and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
Among typically developing children, language and communication acquisition occurs rapidly and without formal instruction (i.e., children are not "taught" how to speak). This phenomenon is actually quite remarkable, given that the ability to process, discriminate, and integrate information from multiple sensory, motor, and cognitive domains is essential to establishing speech and language systems. However, effortless language and communication acquisition does not occur for all children. In fact, disruption to any of the core underlying physiological or behavioral processes required for typical language development can cause difficulties and/or delays in acquiring, producing or comprehending language. While it is known that environmental factors influence language and communication development (e.g., deprivation in language input leads to clear delays), genetic influences have also been shown to play a significant role. Indeed, with advancements in genetic screening technology, countless risk genes and loci have been identified and associated with various language-and communication-related neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Experimental study using animal models that allow manipulation of these same genes can provide one approach to demystify genetic contributions to NDDs, including behavioral, physiological, or neuroanatomical outcomes that could inform human pathologies. In the collection of studies presented here we evaluated how genetic manipulations early in development impacted upon neuroanatomy, as well as communicatively-relevant behaviors, in novel as well as previously established transgenic mouse models of language- and communication-NDDs. These transgenic mouse models included: (1) Ush2a heterozygous (HT; implicated in Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD)) and homozygous (KO; implicated in Usher syndrome type 2 (USH2)); (2) Ube3a KO (implicated in Angelman syndrome (AS)); and (3) Kiaa0319 KO (implicated in developmental dyslexia). For each mouse model, we evaluated subjects on a battery of behavioral tasks to measure core underlying behaviors and processes associated with language and communication development (i.e., language-related endophenotypes or "intermediate phenotypes"). These measures included rapid auditory processing, ultrasonic vocalization production, visual perception/discrimination, social interaction, and motor abilities. Additionally, we developed a novel cognitive visual discrimination paradigm aimed to assess higher-order cognitive processing abilities in mice that, in humans, may subserve typical language and communication (e.g., rule-learning and transfer to novel stimuli). Following behavioral testing, we performed comprehensive histological assessments on subjects with manipulations of Ush2a and Kiaa0319 to ascertain whether mutations in these genes also led to alterations in brain development, and whether such disruptions contributed to associated behavioral impairments. Together, our findings shed light on the underlying genetic contributions to language and communication acquisition and development. Ongoing and future research may aid in early genetic screening and associated diagnosis, prognosis, and tailoring of interventions that might help to ameliorate communication and language disorders in humans.
A Songbird Model Of Genetically Based Speech Disorders
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Author : Michael Christopher Condro
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
A Songbird Model Of Genetically Based Speech Disorders written by Michael Christopher Condro and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Language is a complex communicative behavior unique to humans, though its genetic basis is still poorly understood. Genes associated with human speech and language disorders have provided a basis for study, originating with the FOXP2 transcription factor, a mutation in which is the source of an inherited form of developmental verbal dyspraxia. Subsequently, targets of FOXP2 regulation have been investigated for their associations with language-related disorders. One such target, contactin associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2), is associated with autism and specific language impairment. Due to the exclusivity of language to humans, no single animal model is sufficient to study the complete behavioral effects of these genes. However, some animals do possess components of language. One such component is vocal learning, which though rare in the animal kingdom, is shared with songbirds. Here, I use the zebra finch songbird as an animal model to investigate the role of Cntnap2 in birdsong. Cntnap2 is enriched in several song production nuclei in the zebra finch brain, including the striatopallidal nucleus area X, and the cortical lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium and the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA). In adult RA, the distribution of Cntnap2 protein corresponds to the sexually dimorphic singing behavior of this species: males sing, and have enrichment of Cntnap2-expressing neurons, whereas females display neither the behavior nor the enrichment. In juveniles, however, there is comparable enrichment in RA in both sexes until the onset of sensorimotor learning in males, at which time the percentage of Cntnap2-expressing neurons in female RA declines. The neurons in RA that express Cntnap2 are projection neurons that directly innervate the motor neurons that control the vocal organ, analogous to human layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the primary motor cortex that innervate the motor neurons of the larynx. To test the function of Cntnap2 in zebra finch song, I designed and tested RNA interference constructs, which can be used to knock down Cntnap2 in RA. The songbird model can be used to understand the impact of Cntnap2 and other vocal learning genes as they relate to human speech and language.
Brain Behavior Interactions In Avian Models For Speech Disorders
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Author : Qianqian Chen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Brain Behavior Interactions In Avian Models For Speech Disorders written by Qianqian Chen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Humans and songbirds are among the rare animal groups that exhibit socially learned vocalizations. These vocal-learning capacities share a reliance on audition and cortico-basal ganglia circuitry, as well as neurogenetic mechanisms. Thus, songbirds can serve as relevant models in which to study the mechanisms of human speech disorders. Mutations in the transcription factors Forkhead box proteins 1 and 2 (FoxP1, FoxP2) are associated with language disorders in humans. Both genes exhibit similar expression patterns in the cortex and basal ganglia of humans and songbirds, among other brain regions. Here, I examined neural expression patterns of FoxP1 and P2 mRNA in two adult songbird species. I found that FoxP1 and P2 expression is similarly expressed in both species, including strong mRNA signals for both factors in multiple song control nuclei. With both species, when the birds sing, FoxP2 is behaviorally down-regulated within the basal ganglia song control nucleus, Area X, over a similar time course, and expression negatively correlates with the amount of singing. This study confirms that in multiple songbird species, FoxP1 expression highlights song control regions, and regulation of FoxP2 is associated with motor control of song. Mutations in contactin associated protein-like 2 (Cntnap2), a FoxP2 target gene, are associated with cortical dysplasia- focal epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, and specific language impairment. We have previously characterized the expression of Cntnap2 in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), a songbird species. Within the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA), the primary vocal motor control nucleus in zebra finch brain, Cntnap2 expression becomes sexually dimorphic over the course of song learning. RA shares striking similarities with the laryngeal motor cortex, a language control region in the human brain, both in terms of gene expression profiles and in making direct neuronal projections onto the motor neurons that control the muscles of phonation. To further test the function of Cntnap2, I developed shRNA constructs to specifically knock down zebra finch Cntnap2. I stereotaxically injected an adeno-associated virus (AAV) bearing the shRNA constructs into zebra finch RA to attenuate the Cntnap2 expression during the sensorimotor phase of vocal learning. I found that knocking down Cntnap2 in RA caused inaccurate imitation and a high percentage of omission of the tutor song but did not interfere with the bird's ability to modify its song over the course of sensorimotor learning. These results suggest that among Cntnap2's many functions within the nervous system, its expression within the cortical vocal control region alone is critical for accurate vocal imitation. In summary, these studies provide ongoing support for using songbirds to investigate the neurogenetic mechanisms of human speech and language.
Transgenic And Knockout Models Of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
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Author : Gene S. Fisch
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-11-06
Transgenic And Knockout Models Of Neuropsychiatric Disorders written by Gene S. Fisch and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-11-06 with Medical categories.
In this up-to-date survey and critical assessment of transgenic and knockout models in neuropsychiatry and behavior, a panel of leading researchers comprehensively assesses how and whether the genetic abnormalities produced from these models manifest the neuropsychiatric disorders to which they correspond. The authors focus on transgenic and knockout models of neurocognitive dysfunction and neuropsychiatric dysfunction. The discussion of neurobiological problems covers mental retardation, polyglutamate, and speech disorders, as well as disorders that involve cognitive, social, speech, and language dysfunction. The neuropsychiatric dysfunctions examined include psychosis and schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder.
Translational Neuroscience Of Speech And Language Disorders
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Author : Georgios P. D. Argyropoulos
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-02-27
Translational Neuroscience Of Speech And Language Disorders written by Georgios P. D. Argyropoulos and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-02-27 with Medical categories.
This book provides the first presentation of the state-of-the-art in the application of modern Neuroscience research in predicting, preventing and alleviating the negative sequelae of neurodevelopmental, acquired, or neurodegenerative brain abnormalities on speech and language. To this end, this edited volume brings together contributions from several leading experts in a markedly broad range of disciplines, comprising Neurology, Neurosurgery, Genetics, Engineering, Neuroimaging and Neurostimulation, Neuropsychology, and Speech and Language Therapy.
The Handbook Of Speech Perception
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Author : David Pisoni
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2008-04-15
The Handbook Of Speech Perception written by David Pisoni and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-04-15 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
The Handbook of Speech Perception is a collection of forward-looking articles that offer a summary of the technical and theoretical accomplishments in this vital area of research on language. Now available in paperback, this uniquely comprehensive companion brings together in one volume the latest research conducted in speech perception Contains original contributions by leading researchers in the field Illustrates technical and theoretical accomplishments and challenges across the field of research and language Adds to a growing understanding of the far-reaching relevance of speech perception in the fields of phonetics, audiology and speech science, cognitive science, experimental psychology, behavioral neuroscience, computer science, and electrical engineering, among others.
Genetic Aspects Of Speech And Language Disorders
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Author : Christy L. Ludlow
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1983
Genetic Aspects Of Speech And Language Disorders written by Christy L. Ludlow and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1983 with Medical categories.
Research Awards Index
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989
Research Awards Index written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Medicine categories.
Developmental Phonological Disorders
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Author : Susan Rvachew
language : en
Publisher: Plural Publishing
Release Date : 2016-12-30
Developmental Phonological Disorders written by Susan Rvachew and has been published by Plural Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-12-30 with Medical categories.
Developmental Phonological Disorders: Foundations of Clinical Practice, Second Edition is the only graduate-level textbook designed for a competency-based approach to teaching, learning, and assessment. The book provides a deep review of the knowledge base necessary for the competent assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of developmental phonological disorders. Thoroughly revised and updated, the textbook contains learning objectives in each chapter to further support understanding of concepts and carefully designed case studies and demonstrations to promote application to clinical problem solving. Key Features: Learning objectives for each chapter subsectionIncludes the "how, why, and when" to apply each assessment and treatment procedure in clinical practice62 tables containing clinically relevant information such as normative data to interpret phonological assessment results99 figures to support clinical decision making such as recommending a treatment delivery model, selecting treatment targets, or choosing evidence-based interventions35 case studies to support a competency-based approach to teaching and assessment35 demonstrations that show how to implement assessment and treatment procedures The second edition provides a comprehensive overview of seminal studies and leading-edge research on both phonological development and phonological disorders, including motor speech disorders and emergent literacy. This wealth of theoretical background is integrated with detailed descriptions and demonstrations of clinical practice, allowing the speech-language pathologist to design interventions that are adapted to the unique needs of each child while being consistent with the best research evidence. New to the Second Edition: Updated and expanded section on childhood apraxia of speechUpdated and expanded sections on the identification and treatment of inconsistent phonological disorderAdministration and interpretation of the Syllable Repetition Task addedAdministration and interpretation of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology added with case studies and demonstrationsNew organization, formatting, and editing to reduce the size of the bookCase studies revised to a single-page formatImproved Table of Contents to ease access to content, including norms tables, case studies, and demonstrations