Anthropogenic Disturbance Of Western Gray Whale Behavior Off Sakhalin Island Russia
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Anthropogenic Disturbance Of Western Gray Whale Behavior Off Sakhalin Island Russia
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Author : Glenn Andrew Gailey
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Anthropogenic Disturbance Of Western Gray Whale Behavior Off Sakhalin Island Russia written by Glenn Andrew Gailey and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
The western North Pacific population of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) is critically endangered of extinction. The population size is estimated to be 131 individuals with 31 reproductive females. Throughout their potential home range, the western gray whale population face several threats to their future survival. On their only known feeding grounds off the northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia, anthropogenic activity has increased in the past decade due to oil and gas exploration and platform/pipeline construction. This dissertation examines the influences of geophysical seismic surveys (pulse sounds) and platform/pipeline installation (continuous sounds). Each chapter progressively improves upon behavioral models that assess changes in gray whale movements and respirations relative to anthropogenic activity. Theodolite tracking and focal follow methodologies were employed to collect gray whales' movement and respiration information during and in the absence of anthropogenic activity. Spatial, temporal, environmental, and acoustic (pulse and/or continuous) sound levels and non-sound related anthropogenic variables were included as explanatory variables to examine their influence on movement and respiration response variables, such as speed, orientations, dive/surface time, breathing rates, etc. During the 3-D seismic activity, gray whales traveled faster, changed directions of movement less, were recorded farther from shore and stayed underwater longer between respirations as the received sound level exposure increased. During platform/pipeline installations, western gray whales increased their distance from shore with indicators of stress (rapid breathing) and observed to be sensitive to close distance of approach by vessels. No acoustic influence on western gray whale behavior was found during a 4-D seismic survey; however, sample sizes were small in this study to sufficiently detect more subtle to moderate changes in gray whale behavior. These studies illustrate short-term influences anthropogenic activity had on western gray whale behavior which could lead to longer-term responses that may be detrimental to the survival of certain individuals and/or the population. A comprehensive analyses are proposed to increase sample sizes to identify subtle to moderate behavioral changes as well as examine alternative hypotheses to the null hypothesis of no impact used in this dissertation. With the potential to displace individuals/population out of critical feeding habitats needed for their annual survival and the expected increase of anthropogenic activity in the future, this dissertation highlights the importance to monitor and identify problems and suggest alternatives to development/activities that may be impacting this endangered population of gray whales. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149559
Western Gray Whale Eschrichtius Robustus Mother And Calf Ecology Off Sakhalin Island
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Author : Olga Aleksandrovna Sychenko
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Western Gray Whale Eschrichtius Robustus Mother And Calf Ecology Off Sakhalin Island written by Olga Aleksandrovna Sychenko and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
The western population of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) is endangered with approximately 130 individuals remaining. Many individuals return annually to the same feeding sites off northeastern Sakhalin Island, indicating a site-specific dependence to this geographic area. This apparently critically important habitat is especially vital for nursing females and their calves, as female energetic requirements are increased during lactation, and calves need to be ready to separate and begin to feed on their own. This study focuses on movements, respirations and behavioral patterns of mother/calf pairs on their feeding ground, with data collected during summer-autumn of 2002-2009. Shore-based observations included three methods: theodolite tracking, focal-animal behavior sampling, and photo-identification. Whales were categorized as three groups of individuals: mother/calf pairs, weaned calves, and other individuals. Analyses were performed to assess differences between groups of individuals, and in relation to their behavior. The null hypothesis of the study was that there were no differences in movement/respiration/behavioral patterns and habitat use between different groups of individuals. Results did not support this hypothesis. Significant differences in movements and respirations were found for certain groups of individuals. These differences also varied in relation to the whales' behavioral activity (feeding, feeding/traveling, and traveling). The shore-based photography was used to obtain additional information on individuals (especially mother/calf pairs) and their sightings, as well as to evaluate the success of this approach. A total of 144 individuals, including 10 females (sighted with calves) and 31 calves were identified during 2004-2009. The shore-based photo-identification approach was successful, and due to being a non-invasive technique, is recommended as a supplemental approach to vessel-based photo-ID efforts. Reproductive success and survival of western gray whales are concern especially due to the presence of industrial activity in the area, as well as recently increased mortalities of female gray whales off Japan. Therefore, the results of this study indicate the importance of considering differences in needs and habitat utilization of different groups of individuals for basic science information as well as for management purposes of protection of western gray whales.
Whale Watching Impacts Science Human Dimensions And Management
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Author : Aldo S. Pacheco
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2022-02-02
Whale Watching Impacts Science Human Dimensions And Management written by Aldo S. Pacheco and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-02-02 with Science categories.
Marine Mammal Populations And Ocean Noise
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2005-02-24
Marine Mammal Populations And Ocean Noise written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-02-24 with Science categories.
Attention has been drawn to the subject of how ocean noise affects marine mammals by a series of marine mammal strandings, lawsuits, and legislative hearings, and most recently, the report from the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. One way to assess the impact of ocean noise is to consider whether it causes changes in animal behavior that are "biologically significant," that is, those that affect an animal's ability to grow, survive, and reproduce. This report offers a conceptual model designed to clarify which marine mammal behaviors are biologically significant for conservation purposes. The report is intended to help scientists and policymakers interpret provisions of the federal Marine Mammal Protection Act.
The Gray Whale Eschrichtius Robustus
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Author : Mary Lou Jones
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2012-12-02
The Gray Whale Eschrichtius Robustus written by Mary Lou Jones and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-02 with Science categories.
The Gray Whale: Eschrichtius robustus provides an introduction to the understanding of Eschrichtius robustus or the gray whale. This book explores the life processes, reproduction, and growth of large cetacean populations. Organized into four parts encompassing 25 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the gray whale evolution, fossils, and subfossil remains, range, and systematics in historical times. This text then presents the historical of gray whale exploitation and the economic importance of these whales to humans. Other chapters consider the gray whale migration, abundance, and seasonal distribution in the wake of the California population's recovery from depletion. This book discusses as well the methods used in shore-based censuses during migration and in aerial surveys of gray whales taken on their winter grounds. The final chapter deals with some innovative approaches to the study of free-ranging cetaceans. This book is a valuable resource for anthropologists, paleontologists, biologists, and naturalists.
Federal Register
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Federal Register written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Delegated legislation categories.
Impacts Of Sakhalin Ii Phase 2 On Western North Pacific Gray Whales And Related Biodiversity
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Iucn
Release Date : 2005
Impacts Of Sakhalin Ii Phase 2 On Western North Pacific Gray Whales And Related Biodiversity written by and has been published by Iucn this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Gray whale categories.
The Journal Of Cetacean Research And Management
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
The Journal Of Cetacean Research And Management written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Cetacea categories.
Dolphins Whales And Porpoises
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Author : Randall R. Reeves
language : en
Publisher: IUCN
Release Date : 2003
Dolphins Whales And Porpoises written by Randall R. Reeves and has been published by IUCN this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Cetacea categories.
Annual Report Of The Marine Mammal Commission
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Author : United States. Marine Mammal Commission
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Annual Report Of The Marine Mammal Commission written by United States. Marine Mammal Commission and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Marine mammals categories.