Assessing Vaccine Effects On Infectiousness In Covid 19 Vaccine Trials
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Assessing Vaccine Effects On Infectiousness In Covid 19 Vaccine Trials
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Author : John Hocter
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Assessing Vaccine Effects On Infectiousness In Covid 19 Vaccine Trials written by John Hocter and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
Vaccines have played an important role in the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical trials for several candidate vaccines demonstrated high efficacy at pre- venting severe / symptomatic disease. These vaccines have helped lower the burden of disease in the countries where they have been widely distributed (e.g., United States). The next generation of COVID-19 vaccine trials are designed to evaluate other vaccine effects (e.g., ef- ficacy against infection). Understanding and quantifying how vaccines affect infectiousness is important for making sound public health policy, and analyzing such effects in a clinical trial requires selecting an appropriate endpoint and vaccine efficacy parameter. Many analyses of vaccine effects on infectiousness condition on infection (e.g., comparing infected vacci- nated people to infected unvaccinated people), but conditional analyses have shortcomings. Most glaringly, they can lack power when efficacy against infection is high and may suffer from post-randomization selection bias. An alternative approach is to explore endpoints and vaccine efficacy parameters that do not condition on infection (i.e., unconditional analyses).In this thesis, we define and discuss multiple methods for unconditional analyses of vaccine effects on infectiousness. As these methods commonly rely on proxies of infectiousness rather than directly observed secondary transmission, we also discuss several infectiousness proxies derived from measures of viral shedding. Finally, we use simulations to demonstrate the operating characteristics of a number of these methods and infectiousness proxies in a clinical trial whose design is based on an ongoing COVID-19 vaccine trial.
Design And Analysis Of Vaccine Studies
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Author : M. Elizabeth Halloran
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2009-10-27
Design And Analysis Of Vaccine Studies written by M. Elizabeth Halloran and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-10-27 with Medical categories.
As well as being a reference for the design, analysis, and interpretation of vaccine studies, the text covers all design and analysis stages, from vaccine development to post-licensure surveillance, presenting likelihood, frequentists, and Bayesian approaches.
The Evaluation Of Surrogate Endpoints
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Author : Tomasz Burzykowski
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2005-11-24
The Evaluation Of Surrogate Endpoints written by Tomasz Burzykowski and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-11-24 with Medical categories.
Covers the latest research on a sensitive and controversial topic in a professional and well researched manner. Provides practical outlook as well as model guidelines and software tools that should be of interest to people who use the software tools described and those who do not. Related title by Co-author Geert Molenbergh has sold more than 3500 copies world wide. Provides dual viewpoints: from scientists in the industry as well as regulatory authorities.
Cluster Randomised Trials
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Author : Richard J. Hayes
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2017-07-06
Cluster Randomised Trials written by Richard J. Hayes and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-06 with Mathematics categories.
Cluster Randomised Trials, Second Edition discusses the design, conduct, and analysis of trials that randomise groups of individuals to different treatments. It explores the advantages of cluster randomisation, with special attention given to evaluating the effects of interventions against infectious diseases. Avoiding unnecessary mathematical detail, the book covers basic concepts underlying the use of cluster randomisation, such as direct, indirect, and total effects. In the time since the publication of the first edition, the use of cluster randomised trials (CRTs) has increased substantially, which is reflected in the updates to this edition. There are greatly expanded sections on randomisation, sample size estimation, and alternative designs, including new material on stepped wedge designs. There is a new section on handling ordinal outcome data, and an appendix with descriptions and/or generating code of the example data sets. Although the book mainly focuses on medical and public health applications, it shows that the rigorous evidence of intervention effects provided by CRTs has the potential to inform public policy in a wide range of other areas. The book encourages readers to apply the methods to their own trials, reproduce the analyses presented, and explore alternative approaches.
The Ethics Of Pandemics
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Author : Meredith Celene Schwartz
language : en
Publisher: Broadview Press
Release Date : 2020-07-30
The Ethics Of Pandemics written by Meredith Celene Schwartz and has been published by Broadview Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-30 with Medical categories.
A portion of the revenue from this book’s sales will be donated to Doctors Without Borders to assist in the fight against COVID-19. The rapid spread of COVID-19 has had an unprecedented impact on modern health-care systems and has given rise to a number of complex ethical issues. This collection of readings and case studies offers an overview of some of the most pressing of these issues, such as the allocation of ventilators and other scarce resources, the curtailing of standard privacy measures for the sake of public health, and the potential obligations of health-care professionals to continue operating in dangerous work environments.
Cdc Yellow Book 2018 Health Information For International Travel
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Author : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2017-04-17
Cdc Yellow Book 2018 Health Information For International Travel written by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-17 with Medical categories.
THE ESSENTIAL WORK IN TRAVEL MEDICINE -- NOW COMPLETELY UPDATED FOR 2018 As unprecedented numbers of travelers cross international borders each day, the need for up-to-date, practical information about the health challenges posed by travel has never been greater. For both international travelers and the health professionals who care for them, the CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel is the definitive guide to staying safe and healthy anywhere in the world. The fully revised and updated 2018 edition codifies the U.S. government's most current health guidelines and information for international travelers, including pretravel vaccine recommendations, destination-specific health advice, and easy-to-reference maps, tables, and charts. The 2018 Yellow Book also addresses the needs of specific types of travelers, with dedicated sections on: · Precautions for pregnant travelers, immunocompromised travelers, and travelers with disabilities · Special considerations for newly arrived adoptees, immigrants, and refugees · Practical tips for last-minute or resource-limited travelers · Advice for air crews, humanitarian workers, missionaries, and others who provide care and support overseas Authored by a team of the world's most esteemed travel medicine experts, the Yellow Book is an essential resource for travelers -- and the clinicians overseeing their care -- at home and abroad.
Risk Assessment And Evaluation Of Predictions
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Author : Mei-Ling Ting Lee
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-12-11
Risk Assessment And Evaluation Of Predictions written by Mei-Ling Ting Lee and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-12-11 with Medical categories.
Methods of risk analysis and the outcome of particular evaluations and predictions are covered in detail in this proceedings volume, whose contributions are based on invited presentations from Professor Mei-Ling Ting Lee's 2011 symposium on Risk Analysis and the Evaluation of Predictions. This symposium was held at the University of Maryland in October of 2011. Risk analysis is the science of evaluating health, environmental, and engineering risks resulting from past, current, or anticipated, future activities. The use of these evaluations include to provide information for determining regulatory actions to limit risk, present scientific evidence in legal settings, evaluate products and potential liabilities within private organizations, resolve World Trade disputes amongst nations, and educate the public concerning particular risk issues. Risk analysis is an interdisciplinary science that relies on epidemiology and laboratory studies, collection of exposure and other field data, computer modeling, and related social, economic and communication considerations. In addition, social dimensions of risk are addressed by social scientists.
Making Data Talk
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Author : David E. Nelson (M.D.)
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2009
Making Data Talk written by David E. Nelson (M.D.) and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Medical categories.
The authors summarize and synthesize research on the selection and presentation of data pertinent to public health and provide practical suggestions, based on this research summary and synthesis, on how scientists and other public health practitioners can better communicate data to the public, policy makers and the press.
The Critical Public Health Value Of Vaccines
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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022-01-29
The Critical Public Health Value Of Vaccines written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-01-29 with categories.
Immunization against disease is among the most successful global health efforts of the modern era, and substantial gains in vaccination coverage rates have been achieved worldwide. However, that progress has stagnated in recent years, leaving an estimated 20 million children worldwide either undervaccinated or completely unvaccinated. The determinants of vaccination uptake are complex, mutable, and context specific. A primary driver is vaccine hesitancy - defined as a "delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services". The majority of vaccine-hesitant people fall somewhere on a spectrum from vaccine acceptance to vaccine denial. Vaccine uptake is also hampered by socioeconomic or structural barriers to access. On August 17-20, 2020, the Forum on Microbial Threats at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 4-day virtual workshop titled The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy. The workshop focused on two main areas (vaccine access and vaccine confidence) and gave particular consideration to health systems, research opportunities, communication strategies, and policies that could be considered to address access, perception, attitudes, and behaviors toward vaccination. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
Human Challenge Studies In Endemic Settings
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Author : Euzebiusz Jamrozik
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020
Human Challenge Studies In Endemic Settings written by Euzebiusz Jamrozik and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Bioethics categories.
This open access book provides an extensive review of ethical and regulatory issues related to human infection challenge studies, with a particular focus on the expansion of this type of research into endemic settings and/or low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Human challenge studies (HCS) involve the intentional infection of research participants, and this type of research is rapidly increasing in frequency worldwide. HCS are widely considered to be an especially promising approach to vaccine development, including for pathogens endemic to LMICs. However, challenge studies are sometimes controversial and raise complex ethical issues, some of which are especially salient in endemic and/or LMIC settings. Informed by qualitative interviews with experts in infectious diseases and bioethics, this book highlights areas of ethical consensus and controversy concerning this kind of research. As the first volume to focus on ethical issues associated with human challenge studies, it sets the agenda for further work in this important area of global health research; contributes to current debates in research ethics; and aims to inform regulatory policy and research practice. Insofar as it focuses on HCS in (endemic) settings where diseases are present and/or widespread, much of the analysis provided here is directly relevant to HCS involving pandemic diseases including COVID19.