Belgium Italy And Switzerland
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Belgium Italy And Switzerland
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Author : George Edmundson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1914
Belgium Italy And Switzerland written by George Edmundson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1914 with Belgium categories.
Belgium Italy Switzerland
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Author : George 1848-1930 Edmundson
language : en
Publisher: Wentworth Press
Release Date : 2016-08-24
Belgium Italy Switzerland written by George 1848-1930 Edmundson and has been published by Wentworth Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-24 with History categories.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Belgium Italy And Switzerland Illustrated Reproduced From The 11th Edition Of The Encyclopaedia Britannica Etc
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Author : Belgium
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1914
Belgium Italy And Switzerland Illustrated Reproduced From The 11th Edition Of The Encyclopaedia Britannica Etc written by Belgium and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1914 with categories.
Italy Switzerland And Belgium
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1836
Italy Switzerland And Belgium written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1836 with categories.
Belgium Italy And Switzerland
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Author : G. Edmundson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1914
Belgium Italy And Switzerland written by G. Edmundson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1914 with categories.
Belgium Italy And Switzerland
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Author : George Edmundson
language : en
Publisher: Forgotten Books
Release Date : 2015-06-25
Belgium Italy And Switzerland written by George Edmundson and has been published by Forgotten Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-06-25 with History categories.
Excerpt from Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland Unfortunately they were childless and the instrument of cession of 1590 provided that in case they should die without issue the Netherlands should revert to the crown of spain. This reversion actually took place. Albert died in 1621, just before the renewal of the war with the Dutch, and Isabel in 1633. The Belgic provinces therefore passed under the rule of Philip IV., and were henceforth known as the Spanish Netherlands. This connexion with the declining fortunes of Spain was disastrous to the well-being of the Belgian people, for during many years a close alliance bound together France and the United Provinces, and the southern Netherlands were exposed to attack from both sides, and constantly suffered from the ravages of hostile armies. The cardinal archduke Ferdinand, governor-general from 1634-1641, was a capable ruler, and by his military skill prevented in a succession of campaigns the forces of the enemy from overrunning the country. On the 30th of January 1648, Spain concluded a separate peace at Munster with the Dutch, by which Philip IV. finally renounced all his claims and rights over the United Provinces, and made many concessions to them. Among these was the closing of the Scheldt to all ships, a clause which was ruinous to the commerce of the Belgic provinces, by cutting them off from their only access to the ocean. Thus they remained for a long course of years without a seaport, and in the many wars that broke out between Spain and France were constantly exposed, as an outlying Spanish dependency, to the first attack, and peace when it came was usually purchased at the cost of some part of Belgian territory. By the treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) Artois (except St Omer and Aire) and a number of towns in Flanders, Hainaut, and Luxemburg were ceded to France. Subsequent French conquests, confirmed by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668), took away Lille, Douai, Charleroi, Oude-narde, Coutrai and Tournai. These were, indeed, partly restored to Belgium by the peace of Nijmwegen (1679); but on the other hand it lost Valenciennes, Nieuport, St Omer, Ypres and Charlemont, which were only in part recovered by the peace of Ryswick (1697). The internal history of the Belgic provinces has little to record during this long period in which the ambition of Louis XIV. to possess himself of the Netherlands, in right of his wife the infanta Maria Theresa, led to a series of invasions and desolating wars. The French king managed to incorporate a large slice of territory upon his northern frontier, but his main object was baffled by the steady resistance and able statesmanship of William III. of England and Holland. Meanwhile from 1692 onwards brighter prospects were opened out to the unfortunate Belgians by the nomination by the Spanish king of Maximilian Emanuel, elector of Bavaria, to be governor-general with well-nigh sovereign powers. The elector had himself a claim to the inheritance as the husband of an Austrian archduchess, whose mother, the infanta Margaret, was the younger sister of the French queen. Maximilian Emanuel was an able man, who did his utmost to improve the condition of the country. He attempted to promote trade and restore prosperity to the impoverished land by the introduction of new customs, laws and other measures, and particularly by the construction of canals to counteract the damage done to Belgian commerce by the closing of the Scheldt. The position of the elector was greatly strengthened by the partition treaty of the 19th of August 1698. Under this instrument the signatory powers - England, France and Holland - agreed that on the demise of Charles II. the crown prince of Bavaria under his father's guardianship should be sovereign of Spain, Belgium and Spanish America. Charles II. himself shortly afterwards by will appointed the Bavarian prince heir to all his dominions. The death of the infant heir a few months later (6th of February ...
Notes Of A Ramble Through France Italy Switzerland Germany Holland And Belgium
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Author : Edward Wilkey
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1836
Notes Of A Ramble Through France Italy Switzerland Germany Holland And Belgium written by Edward Wilkey and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1836 with Belgium categories.
Belgium Italy And Switzerland Illustrated Reproduced From The 11th Edition Of The Encyclopaedia Britannica By Permission Of The Publishers The Cambridge University Press
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Author : Henry Wickham Steed
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1914
Belgium Italy And Switzerland Illustrated Reproduced From The 11th Edition Of The Encyclopaedia Britannica By Permission Of The Publishers The Cambridge University Press written by Henry Wickham Steed and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1914 with categories.
Belgium Italy And Switzerland
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Author : George Edmundson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1914
Belgium Italy And Switzerland written by George Edmundson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1914 with categories.
Practical Swiss Guide
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1872
Practical Swiss Guide written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1872 with categories.