Biodiesel Soot
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Biodiesel Soot
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Author : Chuan Li
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2020-10-27
Biodiesel Soot written by Chuan Li and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-10-27 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Biodiesel Soot: Tribology, Properties, and Formation covers the basic properties of biodiesel soot, focusing particularly on its tribological behaviors, dispersion characteristics, and techniques for controlling and altering its tribological and material behavior. The book begins with a concise overview of the fundamentals of the properties and preparation of biodiesel, including coverage of the processes involved in the formation of soot particulates, the influence of different fuels on formation, and the effects of different soot on air pollution, friction reduction, and wear resistance of lubricating oil. Other sections cover the influence of biodiesel soot on engine parts and combustion devices. This book will be of particular interest to graduate students and academic or industrial researchers in materials science, as well as mechanical, automotive and chemical engineering. Covers the tribology, morphology, composition, structure and dispersion of biodiesel soot in engines Guides problem-solving related to the effects of biodiesel soot on the tribological properties of lubricating oil Provides fundamental knowledge on the performance and preparation of biodiesel fuel Discusses the physical-chemical properties of biodiesel soot from the combustion of different fuels
Investigation On Nitric Oxide And Soot Of Biodiesel And Conventional Diesel Using A Medium Duty Diesel Engine
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Author : Hoseok Song
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Investigation On Nitric Oxide And Soot Of Biodiesel And Conventional Diesel Using A Medium Duty Diesel Engine written by Hoseok Song and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
Biodiesel has been suggested as an alternative fuel to the petroleum diesel fuel. It beneficially reduces regulated emission gases, but increases NOx (nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide) Thus, the increase in NOx is the barrier for potential growth of the biodiesel fuel. In general, NOx formation is dominated by flame temperature. Interestingly, soot can play a role as a heat sink as well as a heat transfer media to high temperature gases. Thus, the cooling effect of soot may change the flame temperature and therefore, NOx emissions. In this study, emphasis is placed on the relationship between soot and NO (Nitric oxide) formation. For the experimental study, a metallic fuel additive is used since barium is known to be effective to suppress soot formation during combustion. The barium additive is applied to #2D (Number 2 diesel fuel) by volume basis: 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 %-v, and to the palm olein oil by 0.25 %-v. All the tests are carried out in a four-cylinder medium duty diesel engine, 4045 DI diesel engine, manufactured by John Deere. For the analysis, an analytical model is used to estimate combustion temperature, NO concentration and soot emissivity. The results show that NO concentration does not have the expected trade-off relation with soot. Rather, NO concentration is found to be more strongly affected by ambient temperature and combustion characteristics than by soot. The results of the analytical model show the reasonable NO estimation and the improvement on temperature calculation. However, the model is not able to explain the detailed changes of soot emissivity by the different fuels since the emissivity correlation is developed empirically for diesel fuel.
Structural Effects Of Biodiesel On Soot Volume Fraction In A Laminar Co Flow Diffusion Flame
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Author : Jason Weingarten
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Structural Effects Of Biodiesel On Soot Volume Fraction In A Laminar Co Flow Diffusion Flame written by Jason Weingarten and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Combustion Chemistry Of Biodiesel For The Use In Urban Transport Buses
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Author : Hamid Omidvarborna
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Combustion Chemistry Of Biodiesel For The Use In Urban Transport Buses written by Hamid Omidvarborna and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Biodiesel fuels categories.
Biofuels, such as biodiesel, offer benefits as a possible alternative to conventional fuels due to their fuel source sustainability and their reduced environmental impact. Before they can be used, it is essential to understand their combustion chemistry and emission characterizations due to a number of issues associated with them (e.g., high emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx), lower heating value than diesel, etc.). During this study, emission characterizations of different biodiesel blends (B0, B20, B50, and B100) were measured on three different feedstocks (soybean methyl ester (SME), tallow oil (TO), and waste cooking oil (WCO)) with various characteristics, while an ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) was used as base fuel at low-temperature combustion (LTC). A laboratory combustion chamber was used to analyze soot formation, NOx emissions, while real engine emissions were measured for further investigation on PM and NOx emissions. For further study, carbon emissions (CO, CO2, and CH4) were also measured to understand their relations with feedstocks' type. The emissions were correlated with fuel's characteristics, especially unsaturation degree (number of double bonds in methyl esters) and chain length (oxygen-to-carbon ratio). The experimental results obtained from laboratory experiments were confirmed by field experiments (real engines) collected from Toledo area regional transit authority (TARTA) buses. Combustion analysis results showed that the neat biodiesel fuels had longer ignition delays and lower ignition temperatures compared to ULSD at the tested condition. The results showed that biodiesel containing more unsaturated fatty acids emitted higher levels of NOx compared to biodiesel with more saturated fatty acids. A paired t-test on fuels showed that neat biodiesel fuels had significant reduction in the formation of NOx compared with ULSD. In another part of this study, biodiesel fuel with a high degree of unsaturation and high portion of long chains of methyl esters (SME) produced more CO and less CO2 emissions than those with low degrees of unsaturation and short chain lengths (WCO and TO, respectively). In addition, biodiesel fuels with long and unsaturated chains released more CH4 than the ones with shorter and less unsaturated chains. Experimental results on soot particles showed a significant reduction in soot emissions when using biodiesel compared to ULSD. For neat biodiesel, no soot particles were observed from the combustion regardless of their feedstock origins. The overall morphology of soot particles showed that the average diameter of ULSD soot particles was greater than the average soot particle from biodiesel blends. Eight elements were detected as the marker metals in biodiesel soot particles. The conclusion suggests that selected characterization methods are valuable for studying the structure and distribution of particulates. Experiments on both PM and NOx emissions were conducted on real engines in parallel with laboratory study. Field experiments using TARTA buses were performed on buses equipped with/without post-treatment technologies. The performance of the bus that ran on blended biodiesel was found to be very similar to ULSD. As a part of this study, the toxic nature of engine exhausts under different idling conditions was studied. The results of the PM emission analysis showed that the PM mean value of emission is dependent on the engine operation conditions and fuel type. Besides, different idling modes were investigated with respect to organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and elemental analysis of the PMs collected from public transit buses in Toledo, Ohio. In the modeling portion of this work, a simplified model was developed by using artificial neural network (ANN) to predict NOx emissions from TARTA buses via engine parameters. ANN results showed that the developed ANN model was capable of predicting the NOx emissions of the tested engines with excellent correlation coefficients, while root mean square errors (RMSEs) were in acceptable ranges. The ANN study confirmed that ANN can provide an accurate and simple approach in the analysis of complex and multivariate problems, especially for idle engine NOx emissions. Finally, in the last part of the modeling study, a biodiesel surrogate has been proposed and main pathways have been derived to present a simple model for NOx formation in biodiesel combustion via stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA). The main reaction pathways are obtained by simplifying the previously derived skeletal mechanisms, including saturated methyl decenoate (MD), unsaturated methyl 5-decanoate (MD5D), and n-decane (ND). ND is added to match the energy content and the C/H/O ratio of actual biodiesel fuel. The predicted results are in good agreement with a limited number of experimental data at LTC conditions for three different biodiesel fuels consisting of various ratios of unsaturated and saturated methyl esters. The SSA model shows the potential to predict NOx emission concentrations, when the peak combustion temperature increases through the addition of ULSD to biodiesel. The SSA method demonstrates the possibility of reducing the computational complexity in biodiesel emissions modeling. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that both alternative renewable fuels (biodiesel blends) as well as the LTC condition are suitable choices for existing diesel engines to improve the sustainability of fuel and to reduce environmental emissions.
Soot Particle Size And Nanostructure In Laminar Diffusion Biodiesel And Diesel Fuel Air Flames
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Author : Sergio Granados Sanmiguel
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Soot Particle Size And Nanostructure In Laminar Diffusion Biodiesel And Diesel Fuel Air Flames written by Sergio Granados Sanmiguel and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Biodiesel fuels categories.
Application Of Liquid Biofuels To Internal Combustion Engines
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Author : Soo-Young No
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-02-17
Application Of Liquid Biofuels To Internal Combustion Engines written by Soo-Young No and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-02-17 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the application of liquid biofuels to internal combustion (IC) engines. Biofuels are one of the most promising renewable and sustainable energy sources. Particularly, liquid biofuels obtained from biomass could become a valid alternative to the use of fossil fuels in the light of increasingly stringent environmental constraints. In this book, the discussion is limited to liquid biofuels obtained from triglycerides and lignocellulose among the many different kinds of biomass. Several liquid biofuels from triglycerides, straight vegetable oil, biodiesel produced from inedible vegetable oil, hydrotreated vegetable oil, and pyrolytic oil have been selected for discussion, as well as biofuels from lignocellulose bio-oil, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and butanol, and biomass-to-liquids diesel. This book includes three chapters on the application of methanol, ethanol and butanol to advanced compression ignition (CI) engines such as LTC, HCCI, RCCI and DF modes. Further, the application of other higher alcohols and other drop-in fuels such as DMF, MF, MTHF, and GVL are also discussed. The book will be a valuable resource for graduate students, researchers and engine designers who are interested in the application of alcohols and other biofuels in advanced CI engines, and also useful for alternative energy planners selecting biofuels for CI engines in the future.
Biodiesel
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Author : Meisam Tabatabaei
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-11-02
Biodiesel written by Meisam Tabatabaei and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-11-02 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book presents in-depth information on the state of the art of global biodiesel production and investigates its impact on climate change. Subsequently, it comprehensively discusses biodiesel production in terms of production systems (reactor technologies) as well as biodiesel purification and upgrading technologies. Moreover, the book reviews essential parameters in biodiesel production systems as well as major principles of operation, process control, and trouble-shooting in these systems. Conventional and emerging applications of biodiesel by-products with a view to further economize biodiesel production are also scrutinized. Separate chapters are dedicated to economic risk analysis and critical comparison of biodiesel production systems as well as techno-economical aspects of biodiesel plants. The book also thoroughly investigates the important aspects of biodiesel production and combustion by taking advantage of advanced sustainability analysis tools including life cycle assessment (LCA) and exergy techniques. In closing, the application of Omics technologies in biodiesel production is presented and discussed. This book is relevant to anyone with an interest in renewable, more sustainable fuel and energy solutions.
Study On Non Catalytic And Catalytic Reactivity Of Biodiesel And Model Soot
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Author : Hailong Zhang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Study On Non Catalytic And Catalytic Reactivity Of Biodiesel And Model Soot written by Hailong Zhang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Diesel has been widely applied in the vehicle field due to its high efficiency, durability and low costs. However, the high emissions of particulate matter (PM) from Diesel exhaust gas have led to severe environmental pollution and human health threat. DPF aftertreatment system that combines the catalytic reactions is considered to be an efficient solution to meet the restrictive emission standards. MnOx-CeO2 mixed oxides have high redox ability and oxygen storage capacity, thus they as promising catalysts have been widely studied and employed in soot oxidation reactions. In the present research, it was found that NO adsorption/desorption on MnOx-CeO2 catalyst promoted the low-temperature reactivity of soot due to the changes in the surface Ce/Mn states and an increase of oxygen vacancies. Moreover, the active oxygen species generated from nitrates decomposition played an important role during the promoted soot oxidation. It was revealed that non-catalytic and catalytic reactivities of real Biodiesel and model soot samples were furthermore correlated with soot structural properties. In the presence of the MnOx-CeO2 catalyst, soot reactivity also depended both on reactant gas composition and on soot-catalyst contact. Besides, the activation of soot under O2 showed a positive role on its structural and surface properties and thereby enhanced its reactivity. In the end, a real Biodiesel soot was impregnated by Na, K or P, reactivity results evidenced that alkali metals Na and K exhibited a positive effect on soot oxidation but phosphorus showed an inhibition under both O2 and NOx + O2.
Modeling Soot Formation In Diesel Engines
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Author : Alumah Arad
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Modeling Soot Formation In Diesel Engines written by Alumah Arad and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
"This study focuses on using biodiesel fuel as a means for decreasing diesel engine particulateemissions. Biodiesel is a general name for mixtures of long chain esters, generally methyl or ethylesters, used as alternative fuels in diesel engines. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification, usuallyof vegetable oils, with short chain aliphatic alcohols. Most researchers agree that diesel engineparticulate matter emissions decrease with the addition of biodiesel to diesel fuel.In this study, a new phenomenological model of soot formation and oxidation was developed fordiesel-biodiesel blend combustion."-- From the abstract.
Petrodiesel Fuels
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Author : Ozcan Konur
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2021-05-06
Petrodiesel Fuels written by Ozcan Konur and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-05-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This third volume of the handbook presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of petrodiesel fuels. Following the substantial public concerns on the adverse impact of the emissions from petrodiesel fuels on the environment and human health, the research has intensified in the areas related to the reduction of these adverse effects. Thus, bioremediation of spills from crude oils and petrodiesel fuels at sea and soils as well as desulfurization of petrodiesel fuels have emerged as publicly important research areas. Similarly, the emissions from diesel fuel exhausts, due to their adverse effects on both human health and environment, have been researched more in recent years. These emissions cover particulate emissions, aerosol emissions, and NOx emissions. Research on the adverse impact of petrodiesel fuel exhaust emissions on human health has primarily progressed along the lines of respiratory illnesses, cancer, and other illnesses, such as cardiovascular illnesses, brain illnesses, and reproductive system illnesses, through human, animal, and in vitro studies. It is clear that these illnesses caused by the petrodiesel fuel exhaust emissions have been one of the most significant reasons to develop alternative biodiesel fuels. Part IX presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of crude oils covering major research fronts. It covers crude oil spills in general, crude oil spills and their cleanup, properties and removal of crude oils, biodegradation of crude oil-contaminated soils, and crude oil recovery besides an overview paper. Part X presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of petrodiesel fuels in general covering major research fronts. It covers combustion of biodiesel fuels in diesel engines, bioremediation of biodiesel fuel-contaminated soils, biodiesel power generation, and desulfurization of diesel fuels besides an overview paper. Part XI presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of emissions from petrodiesel fuels covering major research fronts. It covers diesel emission mitigation, diesel particulate emissions, and diesel NOx emissions, besides an overview paper. Part XII presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of the health impact of the emissions from petrodiesel fuels covering major research fronts. It covers respiratory illnesses, cancer, cardiovascular, brain, and reproductive system illnesses, besides an overview paper. This book will be useful to academics and professionals in the fields of Energy Fuels, Public Environmental Occupational Health, Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Immunology, Respiratory System, Allergy, and Oncology. Ozcan Konur is both a materials scientist and social scientist by training. He has published around 200 journal papers, book chapters, and conference papers. He has focused on the bioenergy and biofuels in recent years. In 2018, he edited Bioenergy and Biofuels, which brought together the work of over 30 experts in their respective field. He also edited the Handbook of Algal Science, Technology, and Medicine with a strong section on the algal biofuels in 2020.