Chemokines And Viral Infection
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Chemokines In Viral Infections
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Author : Surendran Mahalingam
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2004-10-14
Chemokines In Viral Infections written by Surendran Mahalingam and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-10-14 with Medical categories.
In the past five years, a large number of new chemokines and chemokine receptors have been identified. Alarming progress in the areas of bioinformatics and expressed sequence tag (EST) databases attributed to this development. Recent discoveries provide compelling evidences supporting the roles of these messengers and their receptors in the control of viral infection as well as in aiding virus survival. Chemokines in Viral Infections is the first to provide a comprehensive write up on the various evidences available to date on the interactions between host chemokine system and viral chemokines. This book intends to unravel the chemokine constellation in the context of viral infections, a versatility that was not fully understood five years ago. This book is excellent reading material and will be of interest to research scientists, clinicians and postgraduate students.
Chemokines And Viral Infection
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Author : Thomas E. Lane
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-05-30
Chemokines And Viral Infection written by Thomas E. Lane and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-05-30 with Medical categories.
Chemokines represent a family of over 40 small proteins that, for the most part, are secreted into the environment and function by binding to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are expressed on numerous different cell types. When initially identified close to 30 years ago, these molecules were associated with various human inflammatory diseases and it was recognized that expression may be integral in leukocyte recruitment to inflamed tissue. Within a relatively short period of time, early participants within the field determined that these proteins displayed distinct and conserved structural features and exerted potent chemotactic effects on defined lymphocyte subsets. There are now four sub-families of chemokines identified based on defined structural criteria relating to the positional location of conserved cysteine residues within the amino-terminus of the protein. Chemokines are now recognized as important in numerous biological processes ranging from maintaining the organizational integrity of secondary lymphoid tissue to participating in various aspects of both innate and adaptive immune responses following microbial infection.
Chemokines And Viral Infection
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Author : Surendran Mahalingham
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Chemokines And Viral Infection written by Surendran Mahalingham and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with categories.
Chemokines And Chemokine Receptors During Viral Infections In Man
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Author : Frida Mowafi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Chemokines And Chemokine Receptors During Viral Infections In Man written by Frida Mowafi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
Insights Into The Role Of Chemokines And Chemokine Receptors During Hiv 1 Pathogenesis
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Author : Zahra Folaśade Lompeti Parker
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Insights Into The Role Of Chemokines And Chemokine Receptors During Hiv 1 Pathogenesis written by Zahra Folaśade Lompeti Parker and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Sexual transmission of HIV-1 is often established by one genetic variant, the transmitted/founder (T/F) virus. T/F HIV-1 may have specific phenotypic properties that are selected for during transmission. To date, the most consistent phenotypic property associated with T/F viruses is use of the chemokine receptor CCR5 as a coreceptor for entry. Small molecule CCR5 antagonists, such as Maraviroc (MVC), inhibit HIV-1 entry by functioning as allosteric inhibitors. These molecules bind within the transmembrane helices of CCR5, inducing a conformational change that prevents the HIV-CCR5 interaction. As with most drugs, HIV-1 has developed strategies to overcome this inhibition. Some viruses develop mutations in the envelope (Env) glycoprotein that enable the use of antagonist-bound CCR5. In Chapter Two, we evaluate 87 CCR5-using viruses to address differences between T/F viruses and viruses isolated from chronically infected individuals (chronic controls-CC) in their ability to mediate entry via varying amounts of CCR5 in the presence of MVC. We demonstrate that CC viruses exhibit partial resistance (PR) to MVC more frequently than T/F viruses, suggesting that T/F and CC HIV-1 differentially utilize CCR5 in a manner that may be biologically important in the context of transmission. Following the discovery of the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 as cofactors for HIV-1 entry, it was revealed that their cognate chemokine ligands could inhibit HIV-1 infection in vitro. Multiple cell types have been implicated in secreting chemokines that function to modulate HIV-1 infection. Recently the platelet-derived chemokine PF4 was shown to inhibit HIV-1. However, despite plasma and local concentrations of PF4 being within the range used in these studies, HIV-1 is still able to propagate in vivo. In Chapter Four, we sought to understand the mechanism of action of PF4 and determine it's in vivo relevance. I confirmed and extended previous studies showing that PF4 inhibits infection by HIV-1 and other viruses. However, the inhibitory capacity of PF4 is limited to a defined concentration range, after which inhibition wanes and viral infection is ultimately enhanced at higher chemokine concentrations that are commonly found in vivo. Thus, rather than being a potential anti-viral agent as previously suggested, PF4 may contribute to the hematologic abnormalities commonly seen in HIV-infected individuals by enhancing virus infection in the bone marrow.
Pathogenesis Of Encephalitis
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Author : Daisuke Hayasaka
language : en
Publisher: IntechOpen
Release Date : 2011-12-09
Pathogenesis Of Encephalitis written by Daisuke Hayasaka and has been published by IntechOpen this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-12-09 with Medical categories.
Many infectious agents, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites, can cause inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS). Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma, which may result in a more advanced and serious disease meningoencephalitis. To establish accurate diagnosis and develop effective vaccines and drugs to overcome this disease, it is important to understand and elucidate the mechanism of its pathogenesis. This book, which is divided into four sections, provides comprehensive commentaries on encephalitis. The first section (6 chapters) covers diagnosis and clinical symptoms of encephalitis with some neurological disorders. The second section (5 chapters) reviews some virus infections with the outlines of inflammatory and chemokine responses. The third section (7 chapters) deals with the non-viral causative agents of encephalitis. The last section (4 chapters) discusses the experimental model of encephalitis. The different chapters of this book provide valuable and important information not only to the researchers, but also to the physician and health care workers.
Chemokine Protocols
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Author : Amanda E.I. Proudfoot
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2008-02-05
Chemokine Protocols written by Amanda E.I. Proudfoot and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-02-05 with Medical categories.
The chemokines family of small proteins are involved in numerous b- logical processes ranging from hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, and basal l- kocyte trafficking to the extravasation and tissue infiltration of leukocytes in response to inflammatory agents, tissue damage, and bacterial or viral infection. Chemokines exert their effects through a family of seven G-protein coupled transmembrane receptors. Worldwide interest in the chemokine field surged dramatically early in 1996, with the finding that certain chemokine receptors were the elusive coreceptors, required along with CD4, for HIV infection. Today, though over 40 human chemokines have been described, the n- ber of chemokine receptors lags behind—only 17 human chemokine receptors have been identified so far. What has emerged over the years is that most chemokine receptors bind several distinct ligands, and indeed the majority of chemokines are able to bind to multiple chemokine receptors, explaining to some extent the apparent disparity in the numbers of chemokines and rec- tors. Yet in spite of the apparent redundancy in chemokine/chemokine rec- tor interactions, it is clear that in vivo, spatial, temporal, and indeed cell- and tissue-specific expression of both chemokines and their receptors are imp- tant factors in determining the precise nature of cellular infiltrates in phy- ological and pathological processes.
Chemokines In Disease
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Author : Caroline A. Hébert
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 1999-06-01
Chemokines In Disease written by Caroline A. Hébert and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-06-01 with Medical categories.
Caroline Hébert and a panel of key experimentalists and clinical investigators comprehensively review the state-of-the-art in the chemokine field, ranging from the effects of chemokines and their receptors in retroviral infections, to their role in inflammation, angiogenesis/angiostasis, and tumor cell biology. The book examines in detail fifteen recently identified chemokines and elucidates the role of chemokine function in vivo from animal experiments. Animal models are also used to explore how chemokines operate in a variety of chronic and acute inflammatory diseases and in noninflammatory processes. A detailed review of the emerging role of chemokines in viral biology is also presented, with emphasis on HIV biology and novel therapeutic possibilities. Chemokines in Disease: Biology and Clinical Research summarizes the rapidly expanding knowledge of a dazzling array of chemokines and provides fresh insights into the development of powerful new drugs for treating a wide spectrum of diseases.
Chemokines
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Author : Alberto Mantovani
language : en
Publisher: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
Release Date : 1999-01-01
Chemokines written by Alberto Mantovani and has been published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-01-01 with Medical categories.
Chemokines are a superfamily of small proteins which play a crucial role in immune and inflammatory reactions and in viral infection. They attract and activate leukocytes and regulate diverse cellular systems and organs ranging from blood vessels to the central nervous system. This book provides an overview of the main structural and functional features of chemokines. It presents recent studies which indicate that chemokines regulate the trafficking of dendritic cells and hence the activation of specific immunity and the subsequent orientation of immunity. This volume will be a useful reference for immunologists, virologists, oncologists, pharmacologists and neurobiologists.
Chemokine Research Trends
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Author : Leah R. Grinwald
language : en
Publisher: Nova Publishers
Release Date : 2007
Chemokine Research Trends written by Leah R. Grinwald and has been published by Nova Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Chemokines categories.
Chemokines are the cytokines that may activate or chemoattract leukocytes. Each chemokine contains 65-120 amino acids, with molecular weight of 8-10 kD. Their receptors belong to G-protein-coupled receptors. Inflammatory chemokines are released from a wide variety of cells in response to bacterial infection, viruses and agents that cause physical damage such as silica or the urate crystals that occur in gout. They function mainly as chemoattractants for leukocytes, recruiting monocytes, neutrophils and other effector cells from the blood to sites of infection or damage. They can be released by many different cell types and serve to guide cells involved in innate immunity and also the lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system. The cells that are attracted by chemokines follow a signal of increasing chemokine concentration to the site of infection or tissue injury. Some chemokines also have roles in the development of lymphocytes, migration and angiogenesis (the growth of new blood vessels).Since the entry of HIV into host cells requires chemokine receptors, their antagonists are being developed to treat AIDS.