Comparison Between Chemical Compounds In Gaharu Smoke Burning And Gaharu Oil Hidrodistillation
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Comparison Between Chemical Compounds In Gaharu Smoke Burning And Gaharu Oil Hidrodistillation
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Author : Surita Sokima
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Comparison Between Chemical Compounds In Gaharu Smoke Burning And Gaharu Oil Hidrodistillation written by Surita Sokima and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Agarwood (Wood) categories.
Gaharu is known as one of the most expensive wood in the world. It is valued in many cultures for its distinctive fragrance, and used extensively in incense and perfumes. The gaharu that was used in this study is grade C gaharu from peninsular of Malysia or known as 'karas' among the locals. The objective of this study is to determine the different between chemical compounds exist in gaharu smoke and gaharu oil. For burning process, the smoke was trapped using sample bottles and then was analyzed using GC-MS. Meanwhile for extraction process, the gaharu was extracted using hidrodistillation method. Then, the oil formed was analyzed using GC-MS too. From the result, about 20 to 30 chemicals compounds found in gaharu smoke and about 80 to 90 chemical compounds found in gaharu oil. After make comparison, only 6 compounds exist in both condition of gaharu. Most of them are pulp wood pyrolysis product and aromatic compounds. There are also fragrant sesquiterpenes found in gaharu oil but not in gaharu smoke which are copaene and 7-methanoazulene.-Author.
Comparison Of Gaharu Aquilaria Malaccensis Essential Oil Composition Between Each Country
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Author : Nurdiyana Abu Bakar Sidik
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Comparison Of Gaharu Aquilaria Malaccensis Essential Oil Composition Between Each Country written by Nurdiyana Abu Bakar Sidik and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Agarwood (Wood) categories.
Aquilaria is an evegreen tree growing up to 40 meters high and 60 centimetres in diameter. These trees frequently become infected with a fungus and begin to produce an aromatic resin commonly called Aloeswood, Agarwood and Oud. The resin is created in response to an attack from Phialophora parasitica, which is a parasite fungus or mold. The purpose of this project were to know the compounds in essential oil from gaharu that been produced by hydrodistillation, to analyse of the compound in the gaharu essential oil and to determine the quality, chemical compound and method use to extract the essential oil of gaharu between different origins. Chemical compound of an agarwood originating from agarwood (Aquilaria sp. probably A. malaccensis) were investigated by GC-MS. The differences in chemical composition between the agarwood in four difference countries are discussed. The samples are taken from gaharu production industry at Kelantan, China, India and Thailand. The extraction of gaharu essential oil also been done by using hydrodistillation. Firstly preparations of the sample were done by make the sample to the sawdust and after that soak it with water. Then setting the hydrodistillation set and heated up the sample that was soaked before. The temperature of the sample was maintained at 980C to 990C for three days. Collect the sample that diluted in solvent of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and put it in sample bottle. Cleaned the sample from the water existed, before analyze it with GC-MS. The data from GC-MS were recorded in the understandable way. The compound between the four countries have large dissimilar, but it still some component is comparable between each country. The essential oil had been produced and been analyzed. If look from analysis result, component from oil sample of industry and laboratory were not identical. -Author.
Extraction Of The Essential Oil Of Aquilaria Malaccensis Gaharu Using Hydro Distillation And Solvent Extraction Methods
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Author : Ashwin Charles Benedict
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Extraction Of The Essential Oil Of Aquilaria Malaccensis Gaharu Using Hydro Distillation And Solvent Extraction Methods written by Ashwin Charles Benedict and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Distillation categories.
Agarwood oil is regarded as one of the most expensive natural products in the world due to the fragrance inducing compounds it contains. However, current studies on the chemical composition of agarwood essential oil are woefully lacking and this poses a threat to the agarwood industry. This research aims to identify the best extraction method for isolating gaharu essential oil and to create a list of compounds contained in a sample of grade C agarwood. In the present work, the composition of agarwood essential oil obtained through hydro-distillation and solvent extraction with acetone, dichloromethane and hexane as the solvents were analyzed for marker compound identification using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Studying another parameter of this experiment, the sample hydro-distillated in the lab was compared with industrial grade hydro-distillation to determine the difference in quality between industrial and lab scale hydro-distillation. Of the three solvents used, acetone eluted the highest number of compounds. The lab scale hydro-distillated sample eluted 34 compounds at a quality of 50% and above whereas the solvent extraction sample eluted 25 compounds. There was no significant difference found between lab scale and industrial scale hydro-distillation.
Comparison Of Supercritical Fluid Extraction And Hydrodistillation Method For Determination Of Agarwood Essential Oil
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Author : Nor Atikah Mat Yusoff
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Comparison Of Supercritical Fluid Extraction And Hydrodistillation Method For Determination Of Agarwood Essential Oil written by Nor Atikah Mat Yusoff and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Agarwood (Wood) categories.
Gaharu or agarwood is a tree in the family Thymelaeceae. Gaharu is the occasional product of two to four spesies in the family Thymelaeaceae. Mature trees will grow up to 40 meter in height and 40 centimeter in diameter. Gaharu trees in natural forests began to produce agarwood resin at the age of 20 to 45 years, depending on the resistance of trees and tree injury response. It is also one of the most expensive natural products existing today. Gaharu is many used in perfumes, medicines, and toiletery product. The objective of the experiment is to identify the compounds of the gaharu using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and hydrodistillation extraction methods. Results obtained from the different instrument method were then compared to analyze the compounds. The essentials oil of gaharu was obtained by supercritical extraction of components from solid materials. This is a relatively new process. From previous experiment this process gives a better quality extract but the capital costs are high. Carbon dioxide is usually used for solvent in this process. Then, a common conventional method used to extract the essential oil from gaharu is hydrodistillation. The problems of this technique are low efficiency and acquire high and continuous heating and required long extraction time. The essential oil was extract will be analyzed by gas chromatography- flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results from GC-MS and GS-FID were compared to produce composition of compound from gaharu with different method of extractions.
Comparison Of Agarwood Essential Oil Water Soluble Hydrosol
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Author : Fairul Idzwan Mohd
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Comparison Of Agarwood Essential Oil Water Soluble Hydrosol written by Fairul Idzwan Mohd and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Agarwood (Wood) categories.
Gaharu which is also known as Aquilaria is the most valuable wood in the world with higher prices and demands nowadays. The widely uses of gaharu in meditation field, essential oil production and etc makes gaharu one of the precious things on earth. For last several years, many methods were founded to extract gaharu especially spesifically in distillation. Methods such as steam distillation and spinning band distillation were discovered but the most common methods which more precise and saving cost was hydrodistillation. In this study, we use Aquilaria Maleccencis from Malaysia as the sample and it can be classified in grade C. This method requires temperature according to water boiling point which is 100 OC and gaharu sawdust size less than 1.0mm. After extraction, analysis was carrying out by using gas chromatography mass spectrometer to see the component in oil sample. To get the secondary oil, 2 different kind of solvent (ethyl acetate and hexane) were used to trap gaharu essential oil component by mix it with hydrosol which left in the flask. This step is carry out by going through several processes such as centrifuge, filtering and water termination. Then, primary oil and secondary oil is analysis to see compounds which contain in the sample. As the conclusion, we have founded several compounds in secondary oil which same as primary oil and this mean the water can be used to recycle in the next distillation process.-Author.
Extraction Of Gaharu Essential Oils Using Hydro Distillation
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Author : Mohd Shazami Bin Ishak
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Extraction Of Gaharu Essential Oils Using Hydro Distillation written by Mohd Shazami Bin Ishak and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Agarwood (Wood) categories.
Extraction Of Gaharu Oil Using Enzymatic Hydrodistillation
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Author : Muhamad Khairul Kahfi Abdullah
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Extraction Of Gaharu Oil Using Enzymatic Hydrodistillation written by Muhamad Khairul Kahfi Abdullah and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Agarwood (Wood) categories.
Comparison Of Agarwood Essential Oil Extraction By Using Microwave Extraction And Hydrodistillation
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Author : Nik Noor Asma Nik Wil
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Comparison Of Agarwood Essential Oil Extraction By Using Microwave Extraction And Hydrodistillation written by Nik Noor Asma Nik Wil and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Agarwood (Wood) categories.
Agarwood species is also known as Aquilaria maleccencis which is a genus in the family of Thymelaeceae. In Malaysia, the tree of Aquilaria maleccencis is called as karas and its fragrant wood is known as gaharu. Nowadays, agarwood widely used in essential oil production industry, meditation field and incense which has been classified as one of the most highly valuable products in the world market due to its therapeutic properties. This research objective are to compare microwave extraction and hydrodistillation for their efficiency in the extract of agarwood essential oil and to analysis chemical compounds contained in a sample of agarwood by using gas-chromatography flame ionized detector (GC/FID) and gas-chromatography mass spectrometer (GC/MS). In the present work, microwave extraction has been compared with a conventional technique, hydrodistillation in terms of extraction time, extraction yield, efficiency, chemical composition, quality of the essential oils and cost of the operation. Agarwood essential oil normally has more than a hundred components and it can be analyze by using GC/FID and to determine the major compounds, GC/MS will be use to detect the compounds. For this research, microwave extraction is identified as one of the extracting methods account to the economical, high yield and ease of the operation.
Analysis Of Gaharu Essential Oil Gc Gcms
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Author : Shahrizal Ramli
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Analysis Of Gaharu Essential Oil Gc Gcms written by Shahrizal Ramli and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Agarwood (Wood) categories.
In this study, 7 samples of Gaharu essential oil from the industries was analyzed using Gas Chromatography/ Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/GCMS). All the 7 samples (G1, G2, G3, SP001, SP002, SP003 and SP004) was identified and analyzed to determine the best quality of Gaharu essential oil. Difference grade of Gaharu contain different percent and different compounds in the essential oil. The best quality of Gaharu essential oil is depends on the important chemical components that contribute to the special characteristic of aroma to Gaharu and the number of components exists in all samples. Agarospirol, jingkoh eremol and kusenol are the important compounds that contribute the characteristic of aroma to Gaharu. Every single oil normally has more than a hundred components and it can be detected through analyzing the essential oil with a chromatograph. The samples will be analyzed by GC/MS equipment. GC/MS equipment have been choose to analyze the chemical components in Gaharu essential oil because this equipment make an effective combination for chemical analysis. The result of this study, sample Gaharu essential oil, G1 is the best quality of essential oil recommended by industry in Malaysia.
Development Of Pretreatment Techniques For High Productivity Gaharu Extraction
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Author : Zuraidah Mohd Ali
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Development Of Pretreatment Techniques For High Productivity Gaharu Extraction written by Zuraidah Mohd Ali and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Agarwood (Wood) categories.
Gaharu or Agarwood is a resinous wood from aquilaria species, naturally grown in tropical forest. It is of high demand from various industries for it contains therapheutical essential oil commonly used in cosmetic industry, religious ceremony and traditional medicine. Due to its high demand and scarce in the forest, gaharu oil is highly priced. As of early 2010, gaharu oil in Malaysia is valued at RM420 per tola (12g). Hence, it is of great importance for an efficient method of extracting the oil to be developed. The conventional method of extraction currently practiced in the industry requires very long hours and produces low oil yield. The present study focused on developing pretreatment steps of conditioning the gaharu wood prior to extraction in order to enhance the extraction process. Preliminary experimental work showed that all pretreatment methods of gaharu wood examined in the study strongly influenced the oil yield during extraction. Four types of pretreatment methods were examined, namely soaking (typically used in industry), ultrasonication, enzymatic and combination of ultrasonication and enzymatic. From the study, combination of ultrasonication and enzymatic pretreatment method was found to give the highest oil yield (0.1232%), followed by ultrasonication (0.1134%), enzymatic (0.1088%) and soaking (0.0734%) respectively. In comparison to untreated sample, an improvement of 53.57% was achieved in the extraction of sample pretreated with combination of ultrasound and enzymatic. On the other hand, soaking technique improved the oil yield by 28.32%. In general, hydro distillation performed better than steam distillation for extraction of gaharu oil, with extraction yield increased up to 35% due to the fact that hydro distillation provides continuous water phase within the solid structure as compared to steam distillation where not all solid surfaces are in contact with the passing steam. At optimum operating conditions, the highest oil yield from combination of ultrasonic and enzymatic pretreatment method was 0.1692%, at 9 hours pretreatment time, 1:16w/v of sample to water ratio and 1.5:100v/w of enzyme to substrate ratio. Calculation of extraction rate constant (Ko) showed that Ko for the combination of ultrasonic and enzymatic pretreated sample was greater than the value for the conventional (soaking) pretreated sample, with value of 0.45 and 0.25 respectively. The increased of Ko value indicates greater driving force of mass transfer at the solid-liquid interface.
