Covert Actions Und Das Theorem Des Demokratischen Friedens
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Covert Actions Und Das Theorem Des Demokratischen Friedens
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Author :
language : de
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2017-02-28
Covert Actions Und Das Theorem Des Demokratischen Friedens written by and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-02-28 with Political Science categories.
Fallstudie aus dem Jahr 2012 im Fachbereich Politik - Sonstige Themen zur Internationalen Politik, Note: 1.3, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: In welchem Verhältnis steht Kants Kernthese zum Einsatz von covert actions durch Demokratien gegen ihresgleichen? Spielte die (zumindest partielle) demokratische Verfasstheit der betroffenen Staaten keine Rolle für die amerikanischen Entscheidungsträger? Handelten die USA gegenüber anderen Demokratien nur friedfertig, wenn Interessenkonformität bestand und ihre ökonomischen und geopolitischen Ambitionen nicht bedroht wurden? Verliert das „Fast-Gesetz“ der Internationalen Beziehungen vor dieser realistischen Kritik etwas von seiner Wirkungskraft? Hier möchte diese Arbeit ansetzen und den Fall Nicaragua vor diesen Fragestellungen untersuchen. Demokratien führen untereinander (fast) keine Kriege. Diese auf Kant zurückgehende Hypothese des Demokratischen Friedens gehört zu den bekanntesten und am besten erforschten Befunden der Politikwissenschaft. Jack Levy erhob die erste Kernthese gar in den Rang eines – und des einzigen – empirischen Gesetzes der Internationalen Beziehungen. Quantitative Untersuchungen der letzten Jahrzehnte belegten das Theorem, kamen jedoch zu einem Doppelbefund, der Demokratien genuin friedfertiges Verhalten abspricht: so verhalten sich demokratisch verfasste Staaten zwar in der Regel untereinander friedlich, führen aber sehr wohl Kriege gegen Nicht-Demokratien. Das generelle Fazit der Forschung lautet also, Demokratien sind fast ebenso häufig in Kriege verwickelt, wie andere Staaten. Zusätzlich zu dieser Einschränkung der Friedfertigkeit von Demokratien lässt sich beobachten, dass diese immer wieder durch verdeckte Operationen, sogenannte covert actions, gewaltsam in andere Demokratien eingegriffen haben. David Forsythe zählt mindestens sechs dieser Ereignisse während des Kalten Krieges, die alle von den Vereinigten Staaten initiiert wurden: Iran (1953), Guatemala (1954), Indonesien (1955), Brasilien (1960er), Chile (1973) und Nicaragua (1980er). Die Untersuchung dieser Fälle führte in der Forschung zu kontroversen Urteilen. Während Befürworter verschiedene Gründe aufführen, weshalb das Geschehene als vereinbar mit dem Theorem zu sehen sei, sehen Kritiker Kants Kernthese in dieser Hinsicht als widerlegt oder doch zumindest stark beschädigt an. Mary Lilley und Alexander Downes kommen in ihrer Analyse der Fälle Guatemala und Chile beispielsweise zu dem Ergebnis, dass klare Widersprüche zum Theorem bestehen, die auch durch die Argumente der Befürworter nicht entkräftet werden können.
Das Theorem Des Demokratischen Friedens Und Covert Action Zwischen Demokratien
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Author : Daniel Christopher Völpel
language : de
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Das Theorem Des Demokratischen Friedens Und Covert Action Zwischen Demokratien written by Daniel Christopher Völpel and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2003 im Fachbereich Politik - Thema: Frieden und Konflikte, Sicherheit, Note: unbenotet, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen (Institut für Politikwissenschaft), Veranstaltung: Hauptseminar, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Seit einigen Jahren herrscht innerhalb der Politikwissenschaft, insbesondere im Bereich der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung eine Kontroverse über die Theorie, dass demokratische Staaten in ihrem Außenverhalten weniger zu gewalttätigen Konfliktlösungen neigen als andere Staatsformen. Diese Annahme wurde lange Zeit unter der Einschränkung akzeptiert, dass Demokratien nur untereinander friedfertiger seien, nicht jedoch gegenüber Autokratien. Diese januskopfartige Theorie ist in jüngeren Arbeiten dahingehend geändert worden, dass man mittlerweile dazu neigt, Demokratien ein insgesamt friedlicheres Verhalten zu unterstellen. Doch diese Theorie vom demokratischen Frieden ist keinesfalls frei von Widersprüchen, wie Harald Müller in seinem Artikel aus dem Jahr 2002 dargelegt hat. Einer dieser Grenzbereiche, der sich mit dem friedlichen Verhalten von Demokratien nur schwer vereinbaren lässt, ist der Einsatz von geheimen Maßnahmen der Beeinflussung oder gar bewaffneten Kräften in einem anderen Land, sogenannte covert action. Bevor man sich der Frage zuwendet, inwiefern covert action zwischen demokratischen Staaten mit der Theorie des demokratischen Friedens vereinbar ist, ist es unerlässlich zu klären, was unter den Begriff covert action fällt. Im Folgenden wird dieser Aufsatz die Vereinbarkeit von covert action mit der Theorie des demokratischen Friedens näher beleuchten. Dazu ist es notwendig, die verschiedenen Erklärungsansätze der Theorie darzustellen. In der Folge wird zu klären sein, was covert action eigentlich ist und welche Motive Regierungen zu derartigen Operationen veranlassen. Auch die Auswirkungen sind anhand ausgewählter Fallbeispiele zu beleuchten um zu einem möglichst allgemein formulierten Bild zu gelangen, welches
Demokratische Aussenpolitik Und Geheimdienste
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Author : Melanie Morisse-Schilbach
language : de
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Demokratische Aussenpolitik Und Geheimdienste written by Melanie Morisse-Schilbach and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Democracy categories.
Friedrich Nietzsche 1844 1900
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Author : Jürgen Backhaus
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2006-10-11
Friedrich Nietzsche 1844 1900 written by Jürgen Backhaus and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-10-11 with Business & Economics categories.
Friedrich Nietzsche’s influence on the development of modern social sciences has not been well documented. This volume reconsiders some of Nietzsche’s writings on economics and the science of state, pioneering a line of research up to now unavailable in English. The authors intend to provoke conversation and inspire research on the role that this much misunderstood philosopher and cultural critic has played – or should play – in the history of economics.
Civilizing Missions In The Twentieth Century
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2020-09-25
Civilizing Missions In The Twentieth Century written by and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-09-25 with History categories.
The contributions in Civilizing Missions in the Twentieth Century discuss how top-down interventions to “improve” societies were justified in terms such as nation building, social engineering, humanitarianism, modernization or the spread of democracy.
Solidarity
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Author : K. Bayertz
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 1999-02-28
Solidarity written by K. Bayertz and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-02-28 with Law categories.
Finding the phenomenon of solidarity an erratic block in the midst of the moral landscape of the modern age, scientists from philosophy, sociology, history, law, psychology, and biology met in the Autumn of 1994 at the University of Bielefeld, Germany, to ponder the concept, its history, and its significance. Those presentations are here augmented by others to expand the coverage. Among the topics are four uses of solidarity, fraternity and justice, the bonds and bounds of solidarity, theoretical perspectives for empirical research, institutional and social concepts of solidarity in 19th-century western Europe, constitutional law, citizenship, and post-modern perspectives. The labor movement is even mentioned a few times. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Approaches And Methodologies In The Social Sciences
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Author : Donatella Della Porta
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2008-08-28
Approaches And Methodologies In The Social Sciences written by Donatella Della Porta and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-08-28 with Social Science categories.
A revolutionary textbook introducing masters and doctoral students to the major research approaches and methodologies in the social sciences. Written by an outstanding set of scholars, and derived from successful course teaching, this volume will empower students to choose their own approach to research, to justify this approach, and to situate it within the discipline. It addresses questions of ontology, epistemology and philosophy of social science, and proceeds to issues of methodology and research design essential for producing a good research proposal. It also introduces researchers to the main issues of debate and contention in the methodology of social sciences, identifying commonalities, historic continuities and genuine differences.
Socializing Development
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Author : Leon Valentin Schettler
language : en
Publisher: transcript Verlag
Release Date : 2020-03-31
Socializing Development written by Leon Valentin Schettler and has been published by transcript Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-03-31 with Political Science categories.
As Multilateral Development Banks increasingly gained influence in shaping global development, transnational social movements pushed to hold them accountable for their human rights impact towards communities. Leon Valentin Schettler presents a novel causal mechanism of movement advocacy towards MDBs, combining disruptive and conventional tactics. Systematically comparing the evolution of human rights standards and complaint mechanisms over the last three decades, he reveals how the combination of 1) declining US hegemony, 2) counter-mobilization by China and 3) movement cooptation by the World Bank bureaucracy led to a dilution of human rights accountability in the 2010s.
Qualitative Freedom Autonomy In Cosmopolitan Responsibility
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Author : Claus Dierksmeier
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-01-18
Qualitative Freedom Autonomy In Cosmopolitan Responsibility written by Claus Dierksmeier and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-18 with Philosophy categories.
In the light of growing political and religious fundamentalism, this open access book defends the idea of freedom as paramount for the attempt to find common ethical ground in the age of globality. The book sets out to examine as yet unexhausted ways to boost the resilience of the principle of liberalism. Critically reviewing the last 200 years of the philosophy of freedom, it revises the principle of liberty in order to revive it. It discusses many different aspects that fall under its three main topics: the metaphysics of freedom, quantitative freedom and qualitative freedom. Open societies worldwide have come under increasing pressure in the last decades. The belief that politics and markets fare best when guided by the principle of liberty presently faces multiple challenges such as terrorism, climate warming, inequality, populism, and financial crises. In the view of its critics, the idea of freedom no longer offers adequate guidance to meet these challenges and should be partially corrected or even entirely replaced by countervailing values. Against the reduction of freedom to the merely quantitative question as to how much liberties individuals call their own, this book draws attention to the qualitative concerns which and whose opportunities society should foster. It argues that, correctly understood, the idea of liberty commits us to defend as well as advance the freedom of each and every world citizen.
Border Management In Transformation
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Author : Johann Wagner
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-11-26
Border Management In Transformation written by Johann Wagner and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-11-26 with Political Science categories.
This book looks into the processes of change and renewal of border control and border security and management during the past 30 years after the fall of the Iron Curtain, and the immense challenges in nation-building in South-Eastern Europe after the collapse of former Yugoslavia in relation to strategic security management. The abolition of border controls within the Schengen area and simultaneous introduction of necessary replacement measures was an additional topic. The book provides an insight into which the European Union is competent in the reform and modernisation of state law enforcement agencies for ensuring effective border control, border surveillance and border management in line with the EU acquis communautaire and EU standards. In the 21st century, along with the process of globalisation, a constantly evolving security environment creates new dimensions of threats and challenges to security and stability of transnational nature. This seeks for comprehensive, multidimensional, collective and well-coordinated responses. The European Union, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, United Nations, as well as other international organisations are able to really contribute to developing cooperative and coordinated responses to these threats by relying on its broad membership and profound expertise and experience. According to the position of the European Union, a modern, cost-benefit-oriented and effective border management system should ensure both, open borders as well as maximum of security at the same time. Thus, the Union’s endeavour is to safeguarding internal security to all member states through preventing transnational threats, combating irregular migration and any forms of cross-border crime for ensuring smooth border crossings for legitimate travellers and their belongings, goods and services. That is why the Union’s concept of Integrated Border Management has been developed to ensure effective border control and surveillance and cost-efficient management of the external borders of the European Union. The Union’s policy is and will continue to be developed on the basis of the three main areas in place: common legislation, close operational/tactical cooperation and financial solidarity. In addition, Integrated Border Management has been confirmed as a priority area for strengthening the cooperation with third countries in the European Commission’s strategic security management approach, where non-EU countries are encouraged as partners to upgrade their border security, surveillance and border management systems.