Default Reasoning
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New Foundations For Automation Of Default Reasoning
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Author : Thomas Linke
language : en
Publisher: IOS Press
Release Date : 2000
New Foundations For Automation Of Default Reasoning written by Thomas Linke and has been published by IOS Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Computers categories.
An Introduction To Default Logic
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Author : Philippe Besnard
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-04-17
An Introduction To Default Logic written by Philippe Besnard and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-17 with Computers categories.
This book is written for those who are interested in a fonnalization of human reasoning, especially in order to build "intelligent" computer systems. Thus, it is mainly designed for the Artificial Intelligence community, both students and researchers, although it can be useful for people working in related fields like cognitive psychology. The major theme is not Artificial Intelligence applications, although these are discussed throughout in sketch fonn. Rather, the book places a heavy emphasis on the fonnal development of default logic, results and problems. Default logic provides a fonnalism for an important part of human reasoning. Default logic is specifically concerned with common sense reasoning, which has recently been recognized in the Artificial Intelligence literature to be of fundamental importance for knowledge representation. Previously, fonnalized reasoning systems failed in real world environments, though succeeding with an acceptable ratio in well-defined environments. This situation enabled empirical explorations and the design of systems without theoretical justification. In particular, they could not be compared since there was no basis to judge their respective merits. Default logic turned out to be very fruitful by proving the correctness of some of them. We hope that this book will initiate other successful developments in default logic.
Default Reasoning
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Author : Hector Geffner
language : en
Publisher: Mit Press
Release Date : 1992
Default Reasoning written by Hector Geffner and has been published by Mit Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Artificial intelligence categories.
a powerful default-handling system that yields an intuitive behavior in several domains of interest in AI, including inheritance hierarchies, reasoning about change, general logic programs, and abductive reasoning Defaults in commonsense reasoning permit the generation of useful predictions in the absence of complete information. However, attempts to represent and reason with defaults in Al run into the problem of spurious arguments, arguments that rely on acceptable defaults but which support unacceptable conclusions. Geffner addresses this problem by analyzing the causal and conditional aspects of default, establishing clear theoretical limits on the capabilities of probabilistic approaches. He provides new insights into the nature of defaults, and new methods of processing databases containing default expressions. The result is a powerful default-handling system that yields an intuitive behavior in several domains of interest in AI, including inheritance hierarchies, reasoning about change, general logic programs, and abductive reasoning. Geffner develops an axiomatic system based on a probabilistic and a model-theoretic semantics in which defaults are regarded as assertions whose truth or likelihood is bound to a particular context. He contrasts these conditional interpretations with standard extensional interpretations, and notes that while the former properly resolve arguments of different "specificity," the latter properly account for arguments involving "independence" assumptions. Geffner then combines the best features of both interpretations into a more powerful account of default reasoning which he calls conditional entailment. Conditional entailment is based on an ordering of defaults extracted from the knowledge base and can be computed by an elegant argument system, in which arguments of different strength interact, and strongest arguments "win." This system can be extended with a causal operator and suitable coherence considerations to provide an adequate solution to many problems involving causation and abduction. Contents Introduction * A System of Defeasible Inference Based on Probabilities * High Probabilities and Preferential Structures * Irrelevance and Prioritized Preferential Structures * The Causal Dimension: Evidence vs * Explanation * Conclusions * Proofs
Default Reasoning
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Author : Fouad Sabry
language : en
Publisher: One Billion Knowledgeable
Release Date : 2023-06-25
Default Reasoning written by Fouad Sabry and has been published by One Billion Knowledgeable this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-06-25 with Computers categories.
What Is Default Reasoning Raymond Reiter put out the idea of default logic, which is a non-monotonic form of logic that formalizes reasoning with default assumptions. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Default logic Chapter 2: Frame problem Chapter 3: Propositional calculus Chapter 4: Negation Chapter 5: Intuitionistic logic Chapter 6: Sequent calculus Chapter 7: Belief revision Chapter 8: Negation as failure Chapter 9: Closed-world assumption Chapter 10: Epistemic modal logic (II) Answering the public top questions about default reasoning. (III) Real world examples for the usage of default reasoning in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of default reasoning' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of default reasoning.
Nonmonotonic Reasoning
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Author : Grigoris Antoniou
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1997
Nonmonotonic Reasoning written by Grigoris Antoniou and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Computers categories.
Nonmonotonic reasoning provides formal methods that enable intelligent systems to operate adequately when faced with incomplete or changing information. In particular, it provides rigorous mechanisms for taking back conclusions that, in the presence of new information, turn out to be wrong and for deriving new, alternative conclusions instead. Nonmonotonic reasoning methods provide rigor similar to that of classical reasoning; they form a base for validation and verification and therefore increase confidence in intelligent systems that work with incomplete and changing information. Following a brief introduction to the concepts of predicate logic that are needed in the subsequent chapters, this book presents an in depth treatment of default logic. Other subjects covered include the major approaches of autoepistemic logic and circumscription, belief revision and its relationship to nonmonotonic inference, and briefly, the stable and well-founded semantics of logic programs.
Adaptive Logics For Defeasible Reasoning
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Author : Christian Straßer
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-29
Adaptive Logics For Defeasible Reasoning written by Christian Straßer and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-29 with Philosophy categories.
This book presents adaptive logics as an intuitive and powerful framework for modeling defeasible reasoning. It examines various contexts in which defeasible reasoning is useful and offers a compact introduction into adaptive logics. The author first familiarizes readers with defeasible reasoning, the adaptive logics framework, combinations of adaptive logics, and a range of useful meta-theoretic properties. He then offers a systematic study of adaptive logics based on various applications. The book presents formal models for defeasible reasoning stemming from different contexts, such as default reasoning, argumentation, and normative reasoning. It highlights various meta-theoretic advantages of adaptive logics over other logics or logical frameworks that model defeasible reasoning. In this way the book substantiates the status of adaptive logics as a generic formal framework for defeasible reasoning.
Dynamics And Management Of Reasoning Processes
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Author : John-Jules Meyer
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2001-12-31
Dynamics And Management Of Reasoning Processes written by John-Jules Meyer and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-12-31 with Mathematics categories.
This volume, the 6th volume in the DRUMS Handbook series, is part of the after math of the successful ESPRIT project DRUMS (Defeasible Reasoning and Un certainty Management Systems) which took place in two stages from 1989-1996. In the second stage (1993-1996) a work package was introduced devoted to the topics Reasoning and Dynamics, covering both the topics of 'Dynamics of Rea soning', where reasoning is viewed as a process, and 'Reasoning about Dynamics', which must be understood as pertaining to how both designers of and agents within dynamic systems may reason about these systems. The present volume presents work done in this context. This work has an emphasis on modelling and formal techniques in the investigation of the topic "Reasoning and Dynamics", but it is not mere theory that occupied us. Rather research was aimed at bridging the gap between theory and practice. Therefore also real-life applications of the modelling techniques were considered, and we hope this also shows in this volume, which is focused on the dynamics of reasoning processes. In order to give the book a broader perspective, we have invited a number of well-known researchers outside the project but working on similar topics to contribute as well. We have very pleasant recollections of the project, with its lively workshops and other meetings, with the many sites and researchers involved, both within and outside our own work package.
The Dynamics Of Default Reasoning
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Author : B. van Linder
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
The Dynamics Of Default Reasoning written by B. van Linder and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Artificial intelligence categories.
Abstract: "In this paper we look at default reasoning from a dynamic, agent-oriented, point of view. Using the KARO-architecture that we previously defined ([15, 16, 24, 25]), we introduce actions that model the (attempted) jumping to conclusions that is a fundamental part of reasoning by default. Application of such an action consists of three parts. First it is checked whether the formula that the agent tries to jump to is a default, thereafter it is checked whether the default formula can consistently be incorporated by the agent, and if this is the case the formula is included in the agent's beliefs. We define the ability and opportunity of agents to apply these actions, and the states of affairs after application. To formalize formulae being defaults, we introduce the modality of common possibility. This modality is related to, but not reducible to, the notions of common knowledge and 'everybody knows'- knowledge. To model the qualitative difference that exists between hard, factual knowledge and beliefs derived by default, we employ different modalities to represent these concepts, thus combining knowledge, beliefs, and defaults. Based on the concepts used to model the default reasoning of agents, we look into the dynamics of the supernormal fragment of default logic. We show in particular that by sequences of jumps to conclusions agents can end up with extensions in the sense of default logic of their belief."
Reasoning With Actual And Potential Contradictions
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Author : Dov M. Gabbay
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-04-17
Reasoning With Actual And Potential Contradictions written by Dov M. Gabbay and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-17 with Philosophy categories.
We are happy to present the second volume of the Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems. Uncertainty pervades the real world and must therefore be addressed by every system that attempts to represent reality. The representation of un certainty is a major concern of philosophers, logicians, artificial intelligence researchers and computer sciencists, psychologists, statisticians, economists and engineers. The present Handbook volumes provide frontline coverage of this area. This Handbook was produced in the style of previous handbook series like the Handbook of Philosophical Logic, the Handbook of Logic in Computer Science, the Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming, and can be seen as a companion to them in covering the wide applications of logic and reasoning. We hope it will answer the needs for adequate representations of uncertainty. This Handbook series grew out of the ESPRIT Basic Research Project DRUMS II, where the acronym is made out of the Handbook series title. This project was financially supported by the European Union and regroups 20 major European research teams working in the general domain of uncer tainty. As a fringe benefit of the DRUMS project, the research community was able to create this Handbook series, relying on the DRUMS partici pants as the core of the authors for the Handbook together with external international experts.
Reasons As Defaults
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Author : John F. Horty
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2012-01-31
Reasons As Defaults written by John F. Horty and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-01-31 with Philosophy categories.
Although the study of reasons plays an important role in both epistemology and moral philosophy, little attention has been devoted to the question of how, exactly, reasons interact to support the actions or conclusions they do. In this book, John F. Horty attempts to answer this question by providing a precise, concrete account of reasons and their interaction, based on the logic of default reasoning. The book begins with an intuitive, accessible introduction to default logic itself, and then argues that this logic can be adapted to serve as a foundation for a concrete theory of reasons. Horty then shows that the resulting theory helps to explain how the interplay among reasons can determine what we ought to do by developing two different deontic logics, capturing two different intuitions about moral conflicts. In the central part of the book, Horty elaborates the basic theory to account for reasoning about the strength of our own reasons, and also about the related concepts of undercutting defeaters and exclusionary reasons. The theory is illustrated with an application to particularist arguments concerning the role of principles in moral theory. The book concludes by introducing a pair of issues new to the philosophical literature: the problem of determining the epistemic status of conclusions supported by separate but conflicting reasons, and the problem of drawing conclusions from sets of reasons that can vary arbitrarily in strength, or importance.