Det Synliga
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Wireless Bioelectronic Devices Driven By Deep Red Light
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Author : Marie Jakešová
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2021-01-22
Wireless Bioelectronic Devices Driven By Deep Red Light written by Marie Jakešová and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-01-22 with Electronic books categories.
The use of electronic devices in medical care is one of the main targets of precision medicine. The field of bioelectronic medicine uses electronic devices to diagnose or treat diseases and disorders in a complementary or alternative way to chemical drugs. It has been more than sixty years since the world’s first implantable battery-driven cardiac pacemaker was implanted here in Sweden. Since then, electronic therapies have been implemented for neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, sensory and motor function restoration, and many more. However, electronics can also be used for delivery of conventional drugs in a more controlled, localized, and specific fashion. Therapeutic utility and patient comfort are maximized when the devices are as minimally invasive as possible. The most important milestone in the development of the cardiac stimulator was making it wireless. The early versions of the device required bulky parts to be placed outside of the body with transcutaneous electrical leads to the target site which led to high infection risk and frequent failures. To date, batteries remain the most common way to power implantable electronics. However, their large size and the necessity for replacement surgeries makes the technology relatively invasive. Alternative approaches to wireless power transfer are thus sought after. The most promising technologies are based on electromagnetic, ultrasound, or light-coupling methods. The aim of this thesis is to utilize tissue-penetrating deep red light for powering implantable devices. The overarching concept is an organic photovoltaic based on small molecule donor-acceptor bilayer junctions, which allows for ultrathin, flexible, minimally-invasive devices. Within this thesis, the photovoltaic device was utilized in two ways. Firstly, the photovoltaics are fabricated to act as an integrated driver for other implantable electronic components: 1) an organic electronic ion pump for acetylcholine delivery; 2) a depth-probe microelectrode stimulation device for epilepsy applications. Secondly, an alternative device, the organic electrolytic photocapacitor, is formed by replacing one of the solid electrodes by an electrolytic contact, thus yielding a minimalistic device acting as a direct photoelectrical stimulator. Within the thesis, the photocapacitive stimulation mechanism is validated by studying voltage-gated ion channels in a frog oocyte model. Next, two lithography-based patterning techniques are developed for fabricating these devices with better resolution and on flexible substrates suitable for in vivo operation. Finally, a chronic implant is demonstrated for in vivo sciatic nerve stimulation in rodents. The end result of this thesis is a series of novel device concepts and methods for stimulation of the nervous system using deep red light.
European Romanticism
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Author : Stephen Prickett
language : en
Publisher: A&C Black
Release Date : 2014-04-14
European Romanticism written by Stephen Prickett and has been published by A&C Black this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-04-14 with Literary Collections categories.
Romanticism was always culturally diverse. Though English-language anthologies have previously tended to see Romanticism as predominantly British, the term itself actually originated in Germany, where it became the banner of a Europe-wide movement involving the profound intellectual and aesthetic changes which we now associate with modernity. This anthology is the first to place British Romanticism within a comprehensive and multi-lingual European context, showing how ideas and writers interconnected across national and linguistic boundaries. By reprinting everything in the original languages, together with an English translation of all non-English material in parallel on the opposite page, it offers a new intellectual map of Romanticism. Material is thematically arranged as follows: - Art & Aesthetics - The Self - History - Language - Hermeneutics & Theology - Nature - The Exotic - Science While focusing on European texts, the inclusion of essays on their North American and Japanese reception means that Romanticism can be seen as a global phenomenon, influencing a surprising number of the ways in which the modern world sees itself.
Operative Methods For Mapping And Monitoring Phytobenthic Zone Biodiversity In The Baltic Sea
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers
Release Date : 1998
Operative Methods For Mapping And Monitoring Phytobenthic Zone Biodiversity In The Baltic Sea written by and has been published by Nordic Council of Ministers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Biodiversity categories.
Nonlinear Materials For Optical Power Limiting
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Author : Hampus Lundén
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2019-05-13
Nonlinear Materials For Optical Power Limiting written by Hampus Lundén and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-05-13 with categories.
High power laser pulses can be a threat to optical sensors, including the human eye. Traditionally this threat has been alleviated by colour filters that block radiation in chosen wavelength ranges. Colour filters’ main drawback is that they block radiation regardless of it being useful or damaging, information is lost for wavelengths at which the filter is active. Protecting the entire wavelength range of a sensor would block or strongly attenuate the radiation needed for the operation of the sensor. Sol-gel glasses highly doped with optically non-linear chromophores have previously shown high optical quality in combination with efficient optical power limiting (OPL) through reverse saturable absorption (RSA). These filters transmit visible light unless the light fluence is above a certain threshold. A key design consideration of laser protection filters is linear absorption in relation to the threshold level. A high linear absorption means that the user’s view is degraded by the filter. To model the photokinetics of RSA chromophores, the five-level population model is widely used. It consists of three singlet and two triplet levels. Model parameters relevant for OPL performance include linear absorption cross-sections, two-photon absorption (2PA) cross-sections, lifetimes, quantum yields and inter-system-crossing (ISC) times. The dominant design paradigm is to have a highly absorbing and long-lived triplet state that is quickly populated by ISC during the beginning of a laser pulse. To simultaneously achieve a lower threshold and linear absorption a vast number of materials for self-activated filters were evaluated, either as bulk glasses or solutions. An f/5 setup was used to evaluate their OPL performance while several photophysical measurements were performed to gain an understanding of system behaviour. The first three series of methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS) Sol-Gel glasses were doped with gold nanoparticles either solely, or with one of two Pt-acetylide chromophores. One with shorter conjugated ligands, the second with similar but longer conjugated ligands. Finally, a series of multi-branched fluorene chromophores were evaluated in solution. Their central moiety was either an organic benzene unit or an ISC promoter in the form of para-dibromobenzene or a platinum(II)-alkynyl unit. For the gold nanoparticle doped glasses, the lower performance Pt-acetylide with short ligands had its OPL threshold lowered at 600nm while the glasses doped with only gold nanoparticles showed no OPL at all. Secondly, the enhancement was most pronounced for very low gold nanoparticle concentrations. While gold nanoparticles alone showed good OPL performance at 532 nm, at this wavelength neither Pt-acetylide showed an obvious OPL enhancement beyond linear absorption losses from codoping with gold nanoparticles. The improved OPL performance at 600 nm was attributed to stronger 2PA, by electric field enhancement from the gold nanoparticles. The lack of detectable OPL improvement for 532 nm and for the higher performance Pt-Acetylide chromophore with long ligands were qualitatively explained by a lower sensitivity to 2PA on system performance. A degraded performance from linear absorption by excess nanoparticles in front of the focus explained the weakening of the enhancement at higher gold nanoparticle concentrations. All three fluorene chromophores, including the chromophore without a central ISC promoter, showed broadband OPL through the visible spectrum. The OPL performance of the two chromophores with ISC promoters was expected considering their transient absorption at microsecond time-scales. For the fluorene chromophore without an ISC-promoter, ultra-fast transient absorption was used to identify singlet excited state absorption as the source of the OPL performance. Both of these series of experiments demonstrate how a simplistic view of simply increasing desired photophysical parameters, e.g. effective 2PA cross-section or ISC quantum yield, do not always result in a noticeable increase in system performance. By employing numerical population models it was possible to identify which parameters had the highest impact on OPL performance. Laserpulser med hög effekt kan vara ett hot mot optiska sensorer, inklusive det oskyddade ögat. Traditionellt har detta hot hanterats med färgfilter som stoppar strålning inom valda våglängdsband. Färgfilters huvudsakliga begränsning ligger i att de tar bort strålning oberoende av om den är användbar eller skadlig, att information försvinner för de våglängder filtret skyddar för. Skydd över hela det våglängdsband en sensor verkar i skulle stoppa eller kraftigt försvaga strålningen som sensorn behöver för att fungera. Sol-gel glas högdopade med optiskt icke-linjära molekyler har tidigare visat hög optisk kvalité i kombination med en effektiv optisk effektbegränsning (OPL) via omvänd blekning (RSA). Dessa filter transmitterar synligt ljus så länge ljusets fluens (pulsenergi per area [J cm-2]) inte ligger över en viss begränsningsnivå. En nyckelfaktor i designen av laserskyddsfilter är linjärabsorption kontra begränsningsnivå. Genom att öka kromoforkoncentrationen så kan begränsningsnivån sänkas till kostnad av ökad linjärabsorption. Detta betyder dock att användarens omvärldsuppfattning genom filtret riskerar att minska. För att modellera fotokinetiken av RSA-molekyler har femnivåpopulationsmodellen varit vida använd. Den består av tre singlet-nivåer och två tripletnivåer. Modellparametrar relevanta för OPL-prestanda innefattar kvantverkningsgrader, olika övergångars linjärabsorptionstvärsnitt, tvåfotonsabsorptionstvärsnitt och livstider samt halveringstider för överföring mellan singlet och triplettillstånd. Den dominanta designparadigmen är att ha ett hög- absorberande och långlivat tripletläge som snabbt populeras i början av en laserpuls. För att samtidigt uppnå en lägre begränsningsnivå och lägre linjärabsorption utvärderades ett flertal självaktiverade filter, antingen i form av glas eller i vätskelösning. En f/5-uppställning användes för att utvärdera deras OPLprestanda medan en mängd fotofysiska mätningar utfördes för att få en förståelse för deras systembeteende. De tre första serierna av MTEOS Sol-Gel glas var dopade med guldnanopartiklar antingen enbart, eller med en av två Pt(II)-acetylidmolekyler. Den första hade kortare konjugerade ligandarmar, den andra var liknande men hade längre ligandarmar. Slutligen utvärderades en serie av flerarmade flourenmolekyler i vätskelösning. Deras centrala enhet bestod antingen av en organisk bensenring eller en ISC-gynnare i form av para-dibromobensen eller en Pt(II)-acetylidenhet. Guldnanopartiklarna kunde förstärka OPL-prestandan för enbart den mindre effektiva korta Pt(II)-acetylidmolekylen på 600nm men ej 532nm. Filtren dopade med enbart guldnanopartiklar visade god prestanda på 532nm men ingen på 600nm. Alla tre fluorenmolekyler visade OPL genom det synliga spektrat, även den molekylen utan ISC-gynnare. Både dessa serier experiment demonstrerar hur ett förenklat angreppsätt med att enbart öka eftertraktade fotofysiska parametrar, t.ex. effektivt 2PA-tvärsnitt eller ISC-kvantverkningsgrad, inte alltid resulterar i märkbart ökad systemprestanda. Genom att använda numeriska populationsmodeller visas hur det är möjligt att identifiera vilka parametrar som har den största inverkan på OPL-prestanda.
The Making Of Manhood Among Swedish Missionaries In China And Mongolia C 1890 C 1914
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Author : Erik Sidenvall
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2009-05-15
The Making Of Manhood Among Swedish Missionaries In China And Mongolia C 1890 C 1914 written by Erik Sidenvall and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-05-15 with Religion categories.
Over the last thirty years, issues of gender have been creatively explored within the field of mission studies. Whereas the life and work of female missionaries have been fruitfully reflected upon, male gender identity has often been understood as an unchanging category. This book offers a pioneering account of the relationship between missionary work and masculinity. By examining four individual men this study explores how self-making occurred within foreign missions, but also how conceptions of male gender informed missionary work. Changes that occurred in the lives of these men are placed within the broader context of how issues of gender were renegotiated within the contemporary missionary movement.
Equals
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991
Equals written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Photography categories.
Unge K N Og Pornografi I Norden
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers
Release Date : 2007
Unge K N Og Pornografi I Norden written by and has been published by Nordic Council of Ministers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Internet and children categories.
Nordens Mythologi Eller Fversigt Af Eddal Ran
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Author : N.F. S. Grundtvig
language : en
Publisher: Рипол Классик
Release Date :
Nordens Mythologi Eller Fversigt Af Eddal Ran written by N.F. S. Grundtvig and has been published by Рипол Классик this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with History categories.
Nordens Mythologi: Eller, ?fversigt Af Eddal?ran, F?r Bildade M?n, Som Icke Sjelfva ?ro Mythologer.
Handlingar
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Author : Ingeniörs Vetenskaps Akademien
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1928
Handlingar written by Ingeniörs Vetenskaps Akademien and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1928 with categories.
Early Child Care And Education In Finland
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Author : Kaarina Määttä
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2014-06-11
Early Child Care And Education In Finland written by Kaarina Määttä and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-06-11 with Education categories.
What is childhood like in Finland? What kind of practical solutions have been created and evaluated that aim at both providing good childhood experiences and supporting children’s positive development? What practices aim to prevent child exclusion from regular education and social experiences and to foster children’s healthy development in emotional, social, and behavioural terms? This book considers the reality of childhood in Finland. It discusses the realisation and evaluation of early childhood education and addresses aspects of research and practice concerning children under the age of 10. It examines the growth and development of young children, how learning and teaching are organised, practices of rearing children and the state of child care in Finland. Contributors represent a variety of universities and sub disciplines in the science of education and focus on perspectives of children’s well-being, special viewpoints of early childhood education, care, and research in Finland. This book was originally published as a special issue of Early Child Development and Care.