Development Of A Model For Indoor Air Pollutant Exposure Distributions
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Development Of A Model For Indoor Air Pollutant Exposure Distributions
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Author : WC. Evans
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Development Of A Model For Indoor Air Pollutant Exposure Distributions written by WC. Evans and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Computer simulation categories.
A user-friendly computer model is being developed to estimate the distribution of Californians' indoor exposures to various pollutants. The model will be capable of operating at three levels. Level 1 will sum estimated inhalation exposures across multiple indoor locations to ultimately yield a population distribution of "total indoor air" exposures, that is, the portion of total (24-h) exposure associated with time spent indoors. Level 2 will link randomly selected location/activity profiles, collected in several California surveys, with measured or modeled concentration distributions, resulting in estimated exposure distributions for specific indoor locations such as residential environments. For each sampled location/activity profile, both time-integrated inhalation exposure and potential inhaled dose will be estimated. Level 3 will estimate concentration distributions for pollutants in locations for which measured concentrations are not available, based on the principle of conservation of mass. All information required for a model run will be supplied through a user interface. Options will be provided to save files relating to choices and inputs for a given run, so that all or selected parts of a run can be replicated. Providing this capability within Level 3 of the model will allow the user to make a series of related runs aimed at assessing the impact of one or more potential mitigation strategies.
Development Of A Model For Assessing Indoor Exposure To Air Pollutants
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Author : Michael D Koontz
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
Development Of A Model For Assessing Indoor Exposure To Air Pollutants written by Michael D Koontz and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Indoor air pollution categories.
Principles Of Characterizing And Applying Human Exposure Models
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Author : International Program on Chemical Safety
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2005
Principles Of Characterizing And Applying Human Exposure Models written by International Program on Chemical Safety and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Medical categories.
The objective of this manual is to provide guidance to risk assessors on the use of quantitative toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic data to address interspecies and interindividual differences in dose and concentration-response assessment. Section 1 focuses on the relevance of this guidance in the context of the broader risk assessment paradigm and other initiatives of the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) project on the Harmonization of Approaches to the Assessment of Risk from Exposure to Chemicals. Technical background material is presented in section 2, followed by generic guidance for the development of chemical-specific adjustment factors in section 3 and accompanying summary figures. Illustrative case-studies are included in an Appendix, and a glossary of terms is also provided.--Publisher's description.
Modeling Of Indoor Air Quality And Exposure
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Author : Niren Laxmichand Nagda
language : en
Publisher: ASTM International
Release Date : 1993
Modeling Of Indoor Air Quality And Exposure written by Niren Laxmichand Nagda and has been published by ASTM International this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Environmental toxicology categories.
Indoor Pollutants
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 1981-01-01
Indoor Pollutants written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1981-01-01 with Medical categories.
Discusses pollution from tobacco smoke, radon and radon progeny, asbestos and other fibers, formaldehyde, indoor combustion, aeropathogens and allergens, consumer products, moisture, microwave radiation, ultraviolet radiation, odors, radioactivity, and dirt and discusses means of controlling or eliminating them.
Indoor Air Quality
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Author : Pasquale Avino
language : en
Publisher: MDPI
Release Date : 2021-08-30
Indoor Air Quality written by Pasquale Avino and has been published by MDPI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-08-30 with Science categories.
This Special Issue aims to make a concrete technical contribution to the solution of the various problems related to indoor air pollution. In 11 papers, international scientists report the last findings in this field from different points of view including topics such as the IAQ legislation, the role of IAQ in schools, hospitals and (micro)environments in general, the performance of an olfactometer system or the impact of an indoor malodor, BTEX measures in a Fire Station, and a chemical characterization of e-cigarette (e-cig) refill liquids (e-liq). It seems appropriate to encourage the development of reference values or specific action values in order to better manage particularly problematic situations in these environments. In the absence of national references to be used for a comparison, it is possible to use those reported in the legislation of other European countries or, by ad hoc working groups or by analogy, to use other standards such as those relating to ambient air.
A Modeling And Measurement Framework For Understanding Transport Fate And Control Of Indoor Air Pollutants
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Author : Gen Pei
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
A Modeling And Measurement Framework For Understanding Transport Fate And Control Of Indoor Air Pollutants written by Gen Pei and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
Air pollution is one of the most critical environmental risks to public health. Most of the human exposure to air pollution occurs in indoor environments, where people spend majority of their time (>20 h daily on average). Household air pollution is responsible for four million premature deaths (including 400,000 deaths of children) worldwide each year. Furthermore, indoor air pollution has considerable economic impact due to its association with healthcare expense, worker absenteeism, and poor productivity. To improve indoor air quality, it is necessary to develop energy-efficient engineering technologies (ventilation, filtration, pollutant sensing, etc.), given that buildings consume one-third of energy globally and heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems account for half of overall building energy use. To develop efficient and effective control measures, it is critical to understand the transport mechanisms of indoor air pollutants based on spatial and temporal scales of pollutant diffusion, deposition, and chemical reactions in indoor environments. Given this background, the overarching objective of my Ph.D. dissertation is to develop and apply a new modeling and measurement framework for studying transport, fate, and control of representative indoor air pollutants (CO2, ozone, exhaled viral aerosols, and particulate matter) at three indoor spatial scales (room scale, near-occupant microenvironment, and indoor surface boundary layer), while considering indoor environmental parameters such as ventilation condition, indoor airflow pattern, occupant activities, and pollutant-surface interactions. Specifically, this dissertation focuses on five primary investigations as follows. The first investigation examines how the non-uniform distribution of CO2 in a room affects the performance of CO2-based demand controlled ventilation (DCV). The results show that CO2 sensor location should be selected carefully depending on indoor airflow pattern and CO2 distribution to optimize the air quality and energy performances of a DCV system. In a room with displacement ventilation and associated CO2 vertical stratification, CO2 sensors placed in return air duct or close to occupants may not accurately reflect air quality within occupant breathing zone, leading to overventilation (with excessive energy use) or inadequate ventilation to the breathing zone. In such a case, wall-mounted sensors at occupant breathing height (e.g., 1.0-1.2 m for seated people) can provide more accurate measurements than sensors at room exhaust. Unlike CO2, some indoor reactive gases such as ozone and radicals can react with indoor surfaces (human skin, clothing, building materials) and alter human exposure to air pollutants by reducing reactant concentration while generating harmful byproducts. The second investigation provides quality control criteria for numerical modeling of ozone reaction with human surfaces in indoor spaces. This study assesses the performances of various turbulence models and near-human grid sizes in computing airflow and mass transfer around a human body. The results suggest that the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) has better accuracy than the Reynolds Averaged Navier--Stokes (RANS) turbulence models in simulating buoyancy-driven thermal plumes and ozone mass transfer near a body. The computational grids adjacent to human surface should have dimensionless wall distance y+ 10 for reasonable simulations of air and mass transfer in near-human microenvironments. To further characterize the transport of reactive gas within boundary layers of indoor surfaces, the third investigation establishes a research framework combining microscope-scanning of indoor surface material and detailed Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation of wall-bounded flow, and applies this approach to predict ozone reaction with a carpet surface. The results reveal that indoor surface properties (e.g., surface topography) can impact turbulent air mixing within the surface boundary layer, thereby modulating ozone mass transfer rate across the boundary layer to the surface. The effective indoor surface area available for ozone uptake notably varies with surface type, near-surface air speed, and turbulent structures within the boundary layer. Besides the research on indoor gaseous pollutants, the fourth investigation examines the transport of airborne aerosols exhaled by infected people in indoor spaces, and evaluates the efficacies of different ventilation strategies in reducing airborne transmission risk of infectious diseases (e.g., COVID-19) in buildings. The study results show that indoor buoyancy-driven airflows (can be found in displacement ventilated rooms or residential rooms without mechanical air mixing) can result in a longer transport distance of exhaled viral aerosols and a higher airborne infection risk than those under mixing airflows. Under displacement ventilation, a 2 m (6 ft) social distance alone may not ensure the prevention of airborne disease transmission in buildings. Consequently, control strategies such as ventilation and social distancing should be considered together for a layered control. Because of the increasing demand for indoor aerosol monitoring, the fifth investigation assesses the potential of using low-cost particle sensors for a long-term monitoring of indoor particles and HVAC system performance. This study deployed low-cost sensors in an office building in Philadelphia for a six-month field test. The results suggest that low-cost sensor can provide useful information for identifying key indoor particle sources and evaluating mechanical system performance such as filtration efficiency. The measurement data indicate that particle resuspension induced by occupants is a major source of coarse particles ( 5 [mu]m) in office environments, while outdoor-indoor penetration is a main source of smaller particles (0.5-1 [mu]m). Overall, this Ph.D. dissertation provides new dataset and methodology to understand transport and removal mechanisms of air pollutants at different time- and space-scales in indoor environments. The study results could help HVAC engineers, building scientists, public health researchers, and policymakers make better-informed decisions for developing healthy, smart, and energy-efficient buildings.
Risk Assessment And Indoor Air Quality
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Author : Elizabeth L. Anderson
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2019-04-30
Risk Assessment And Indoor Air Quality written by Elizabeth L. Anderson and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-04-30 with Nature categories.
With the recent tightening of air quality standards as mandated by the U.S. EPA, has come great pressure on regulatory bodies at all levels of government, along with the industries and groups affected by these standards, to better assess the hazards and risks that result from air pollutants. Risk Assessment and Indoor Air Quality carefully ties tog
Development Of A Model For Assessing Indoor Exposure To Air Pollutants
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Author : Michael D. Koontz
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
Development Of A Model For Assessing Indoor Exposure To Air Pollutants written by Michael D. Koontz and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Indoor air pollution categories.
Atmospheric Air Pollution And Monitoring
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Author : Abderrahim Lakhouit
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2020-04-15
Atmospheric Air Pollution And Monitoring written by Abderrahim Lakhouit and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-04-15 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is an important aspect in building design due to its effect on human health and wellbeing. Generally, people spend about 90% of their time indoors where they are exposed to chemicals, particulate matters, biological contaminants and possibly carcinogens. In particular, the air quality at hospitals carries with it risks for serious health consequences for medical staff as well as patients and visitors. This book is a study of atmospheric air pollution and presents ways we can reduce its impacts on human health. It discusses tools for measuring IAQ as well as analyzes IAQ in closed buildings. It is an important documentation of air quality and its impact on human health.