Die Internationale Pharmaindustrie Und Das Aids Problem In Subsahara Afrika
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Die Internationale Pharmaindustrie Und Das Aids Problem In Subsahara Afrika
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Author : Anonym
language : de
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Die Internationale Pharmaindustrie Und Das Aids Problem In Subsahara Afrika written by Anonym and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2009 im Fachbereich BWL - Unternehmensethik, Wirtschaftsethik, Note: 1,3, Stuttgart Institute of Management and Technology, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: 1. Einleitung Bis heute ist eine HIV-Infektion weder heilbar, noch gibt es einen Impfstoff. Dennoch ist es seit einigen Jahren in den Industrieländern möglich, dass selbst infizierte Menschen ein relativ normales Leben führen. Medikamente, die dies ermöglichen, wurden hauptsächlich in der Schweiz, in Deutschland und in den USA hergestellt. Sie sind revolutionär, denn sie verhindern, dass sich das HI-Virus weiterhin vermehrt; dadurch kann sich der Körper erholen. Hinter solchen Medikamenten steckt sehr viel Forschung und Forschung ist unvorstellbar teuer. Diese Kosten rechtfertigen somit auch, dass diese Medikamente sehr teuer sind. Während in Industrieländern der Zugang zu solchen Medikamenten selbstverständlich ist und die Kosten von den Krankenkassen übernommen werden, breitet sich das Aids-Problem in den Ländern der Dritten Welt unaufhaltsam aus. Ein Grund für diese rasante Ausbreitung ist der fehlende Zugang zu genau diesen Medikamenten, denn sie sind zu teuer. Selbst 200 US$ pro Jahr sind für fast alle Infizierten unmöglich aufzubringen. Ich möchte meine Projektarbeit nun genau diesem Problem widmen - warum haben Menschen in der Dritten Welt keinen Zugang zu diesen Medikamenten? Warum sind die Medikamente so teuer? Patente und Generika sind der Hauptgrund für den mangelnden Zugang zu Medikamenten in Gebieten wie Subsahara-Afrika. Dennoch möchte ich auch allgemein auf das Thema Aids eingehen und nach Gründen für die unaufhörlichen Neuinfektionen suchen. In den letzten Jahren gab es einige Prozesse zwischen Drittweltländern und Pharmakonzernen, die ich hier auch kurz erwähnen möchte. Meiner Meinung nach ist das Thema wichtig, da die deutsche Wirtschaft mit ihren Pharma- und Chemiekonzernen unmittelbar an diesem Problem beteiligt ist. Dennoch ist es auch nicht richtig, den Pharmaunter
Blue Marble Health
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Author : Peter J. Hotez
language : en
Publisher: JHU Press
Release Date : 2016-09
Blue Marble Health written by Peter J. Hotez and has been published by JHU Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09 with Law categories.
Why do diseases of poverty afflict more people in wealthy countries than in the developing world? In 2011, Dr. Peter J. Hotez relocated to Houston to launch Baylor’s National School of Tropical Medicine. He was shocked to discover that a number of neglected diseases often associated with developing countries were widespread in impoverished Texas communities. Despite the United States’ economic prowess and first-world status, an estimated 12 million Americans living at the poverty level currently suffer from at least one neglected tropical disease, or NTD. Hotez concluded that the world’s neglected diseases—which include tuberculosis, hookworm infection, lymphatic filariasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis—are born first and foremost of extreme poverty. In this book, Hotez describes a new global paradigm known as “blue marble health,” through which he asserts that poor people living in wealthy countries account for most of the world’s poverty-related illness. He explores the current state of neglected diseases in such disparate countries as Mexico, South Korea, Argentina, Australia, the United States, Japan, and Nigeria. By crafting public policy and relying on global partnerships to control or eliminate some of the world’s worst poverty-related illnesses, Hotez believes, it is possible to eliminate life-threatening disease while at the same time creating unprecedented opportunities for science and diplomacy. Clear, compassionate, and timely, Blue Marble Health is a must-read for leaders in global health, tropical medicine, and international development, along with anyone committed to helping the millions of people who are caught in the desperate cycle of poverty and disease.
28
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Author : Stephanie Nolen
language : en
Publisher: Vintage Canada
Release Date : 2010-10-22
28 written by Stephanie Nolen and has been published by Vintage Canada this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-10-22 with Health & Fitness categories.
From one of our most widely read, award-winning journalists – comes the powerful, unputdownable story of the very human cost of a global pandemic of staggering scope and scale. It is essential reading for our times. In 28, Stephanie Nolen, the Globe and Mail’s Africa Bureau Chief, puts a human face to the crisis created by HIV-AIDS in Africa. She has achieved, in this amazing book, something extraordinary: she writes with a power, understanding and simplicity that makes us listen, makes us understand and care. Through riveting anecdotal stories – one for each of the million people living with HIV-AIDS in Africa – Nolen explores the effects of an epidemic that well exceeds the Black Plague in magnitude. It is a calamity that is unfolding just a 747-flight away, and one that will take the lives of these 28 million without the help of massive, immediate intervention on an unprecedented scale. 28 is a timely, transformative, thoroughly accessible book that shows us definitively why we continue to ignore the growth of HIV-AIDS in Africa only at our peril and at an intolerable moral cost. 28’s stories are much more than a record of the suffering and loss in 28 emblematic lives. Here we meet women and men fighting vigorously on the frontlines of disease: Tigist Haile Michael, a smart, shy 14-year-old Ethiopian orphan fending for herself and her baby brother on the slum streets of Addis Ababa; Alice Kadzanja, an HIV-positive nurse in Malawi, where one in six adults has the virus, and where the average adult’s life expectancy is 36; and Zackie Achmat, the hero of South Africa’s politically fragmented battle against HIV-AIDS. 28 also tells us how the virus works, spreads and, ultimately, kills. It explains the connection of HIV-AIDS to conflict, famine and the collapse of states; shows us how easily treatment works for those lucky enough to get it and details the struggles of those who fight to stay alive with little support. It makes vivid the strong, desperate people doing all they can, and maintaining courage, dignity and hope against insurmountable odds. It is – in its humanity, beauty and sorrow – a call to action for all who read it.
Antiseptic Stewardship
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Author : Günter Kampf
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-08-25
Antiseptic Stewardship written by Günter Kampf and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-08-25 with Medical categories.
Various antiseptic agents, such as chlorhexidine, are used for different applications, e.g. in healthcare, veterinary medicine, animal production and household products, including cosmetics. However, not all antiseptic agents provide significant health benefits, especially in some products used in human medicine (alcohol-based hand rubs, antimicrobial soaps). While some products (antimicrobial soaps, surface disinfectants, instrument disinfectants, wound antiseptics) may contain one or more biocidal agents with a comparable antimicrobial efficacy but large differences in their potential for microbial adaptation and tolerance. An increased bacterial resistance has been described for various antimicrobial agents, sometimes including a cross-resistance to antibiotics. The book is the first comprehensive reference resource on antiseptic agents, including their efficacy, natural and acquired resistance, adaptation, and cross-resistance. It also discusses their and appropriate use in terms of a balance between their efficacy and the risk of acquired bacterial resistance / tolerance. Focusing on human and veterinary medicine and household products, it helps readers make informed decisions concerning against antiseptic products based on their composition. The book contributes to reduce any unnecessary selection pressure towards emerging pathogens and to keep the powerful antiseptic agents for all those applications that have a clear benefit (e.g. reduction of healthcare-associated infection).
Global Health In Practice Investing Amidst Pandemics Denial Of Evidence And Neo Dependency
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Author : Olusoji Adeyi
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2021-12-28
Global Health In Practice Investing Amidst Pandemics Denial Of Evidence And Neo Dependency written by Olusoji Adeyi and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-28 with Medical categories.
The COVID-19 pandemic has laid bare the world's vulnerabilities to health and economic ruin from disease outbreaks. But the pandemic merely reveals fundamental weaknesses and contradictions in global health. What are the roots of discontents in global health? How do geo-politics, power dynamics, knowledge gaps, racism, and corruption affect global health? Is foreign aid for health due for a radical overhaul?This book is an incisive guide to the practice of global health in real life. Global health policy is at a crossroads. It is on trial at the interface between the Global North and the Global South. There has been remarkable progress in health outcomes over the past century. Yet, countries face a complex landscape of lofty ambitions in the form of political commitments to Universal Health Coverage, Human Capital, and Global Health Security. These ambitions are tempered by multiple constraints. Investors in global health must navigate a minefield of uneven progress, great expectations, and denials of scientific evidence by entrenched interests. That terrain is further complicated by the hegemonic suppression of innovation that threatens the status quo and by self-perpetuating cycles of dependency of the Global South on the Global North.This book is an unflinching scrutiny of concepts and cases by a veteran of global health policy and practice. It holds a mirror to the world and lays out pathways to a better future. The book is a must-have GPS for policy makers and practitioners as they navigate the maze of global health.
World Atlas Of Epidemic Diseases
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Author : Smallman-Raynor Matthew
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2004-04-30
World Atlas Of Epidemic Diseases written by Smallman-Raynor Matthew and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-04-30 with Medical categories.
The euphoria about the defeat of epidemics which surrounded the global eradication of smallpox in the 1970s proved short-lived. The advent of AIDS in the following decade, the widening spectrum of other newly-emergent diseases (from Ebola to Hanta virus), and the resurgence of old diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria all suggest that the threa
Digital Entrepreneurship In Sub Saharan Africa
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Author : Nasiru D. Taura
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-03-07
Digital Entrepreneurship In Sub Saharan Africa written by Nasiru D. Taura and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-03-07 with Business & Economics categories.
This pioneering collection seeks to understand why and how some digital enterprises in Africa progress while others firms either stagnate or regress. Using a range of detailed case studies, it addresses the challenges and barriers that are in place and how some outstanding digital firms deal with operating in a hostile business environment. While digital platforms have created equal access for small businesses, many digital entrepreneurs in Africa continue to struggle with local environments replete with corruption, and other economic inefficiencies. The contributions move the debate forward by addressing the challenges, opportunities, and prospects of digital enterprise in Africa. Placing special emphasis on how African new entrant digital firms are shaping the landscape and forging a new beginning for Africa, this book offers entrepreneurial perspectives to both researchers and policy-makers seeking to support and stimulate entrepreneurship in the new era.
The Unesco Universal Declaration On Bioethics And Human Rights
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Author : H. ten Have
language : en
Publisher: UNESCO
Release Date : 2009-01-01
The Unesco Universal Declaration On Bioethics And Human Rights written by H. ten Have and has been published by UNESCO this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-01-01 with Business & Economics categories.
In October 2005, UNESCO Member States adopted by acclamation the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. For the first time in the history of bioethics, some 190 countries committed themselves and the international community to respect and apply fundamental ethical principles related to medicine, the life sciences and associated technologies. This publication provides a new impetus to the dissemination of the Declaration, and is part of the organisation's continuous effort to contribute to the understanding of its principles worldwide. The authors, who were almost all involved in the elaboration of the text of the Declaration, were asked to respond on each article: Why was it included? What does it mean? How can it be applied? Their responses shed light on the historical background of the text and its evolution throughout the drafting process. They also provide a reflection on its relevance to previous declarations and bioethical literature, and its potential interpretation and application in challenging and complex bioethical debates.
Poverty And Shared Prosperity 2020
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Author : World Bank
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2020-12-23
Poverty And Shared Prosperity 2020 written by World Bank and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-23 with Business & Economics categories.
This edition of the biennial Poverty and Shared Prosperity report brings sobering news. The COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic and its associated economic crisis, compounded by the effects of armed conflict and climate change, are reversing hard-won gains in poverty reduction and shared prosperity. The fight to end poverty has suffered its worst setback in decades after more than 20 years of progress. The goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030, already at risk before the pandemic, is now beyond reach in the absence of swift, significant, and sustained action, and the objective of advancing shared prosperity—raising the incomes of the poorest 40 percent in each country—will be much more difficult. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune presents new estimates of COVID-19's impacts on global poverty and shared prosperity. Harnessing fresh data from frontline surveys and economic simulations, it shows that pandemic-related job losses and deprivation worldwide are hitting already poor and vulnerable people hard, while also shifting the profile of global poverty to include millions of 'new poor.' Original analysis included in the report shows that the new poor are more urban, better educated, and less likely to work in agriculture than those living in extreme poverty before COVID-19. It also gives new estimates of the impact of conflict and climate change, and how they overlap. These results are important for targeting policies to safeguard lives and livelihoods. It shows how some countries are acting to reverse the crisis, protect those most vulnerable, and promote a resilient recovery. These findings call for urgent action. If the global response fails the world's poorest and most vulnerable people now, the losses they have experienced to date will be minimal compared with what lies ahead. Success over the long term will require much more than stopping COVID-19. As efforts to curb the disease and its economic fallout intensify, the interrupted development agenda in low- and middle-income countries must be put back on track. Recovering from today's reversals of fortune requires tackling the economic crisis unleashed by COVID-19 with a commitment proportional to the crisis itself. In doing so, countries can also plant the seeds for dealing with the long-term development challenges of promoting inclusive growth, capital accumulation, and risk prevention—particularly the risks of conflict and climate change.
The Swiss Political System And Local Government
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Author : Michael Sell
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2003-11-07
The Swiss Political System And Local Government written by Michael Sell and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-11-07 with Political Science categories.
Seminar paper from the year 2003 in the subject Politics - Region: Western Europe, grade: 1,3 (A), University of Constance (Faculty for Management Studies), course: Comparative Local Government, language: English, abstract: Switzerland is one of the smallest, oldest and most complex democratic federal states. Local political structure is far more important in Switzerland than in the centralized polities of most modern European countries, given the historically decentralized nature of the Swiss system (see Hass, J.K. 1999: 1067). “Thus the Swiss municipal organisation has proved to be extremely stable in comparison to other countries. They strongly vary in size and the majority are very small. Between 1848 and 1998 the number of municipalities was reduced only from 3204 to 2914 “(see Ladner, A. 1991: 5-6). In this paper, the focus will be on the local government in Switzerland. But before we come to this part, we think it is necessary to give an overall view of Switzerland in general and its political system. Here, we will also introduce the issue of direct democracy in Switzerland, as we think it is a characteristic political element within the Swiss democracy and also plays an important role on the communal and local level. Then we will describe the local level in detail. This will include a short summary about the development of the Swiss communes in history, the role of the communes given by the Swiss constitution, the structure and organization of communes and the responsibilities they have. Finally, we will comment our findings and draw conclusions about the grade of decentralization and what follows from this for the Swiss democracy.