Distributional Consequences Of Upstream Tree Plantations On Downstream Water Users In A Public Private Benefit Framework
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Distributional Consequences Of Upstream Tree Plantations On Downstream Water Users In A Public Private Benefit Framework
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Author : Thomas L. Nordblom
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Distributional Consequences Of Upstream Tree Plantations On Downstream Water Users In A Public Private Benefit Framework written by Thomas L. Nordblom and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
We apply a Public-Private Benefit Framework (PPBF) for new perspectives on the distributional consequences of land-use change in upstream watersheds (wide expansion of tree plantations) negatively affecting downstream water users. Our study area is the Macquarie River catchment in central-west New South Wales, as part of Australia's Murray-Darling Basin, where active water entitlement markets exist downstream. We consider benefits and costs to private upstream landholders allowed to establish new plantations without regard to reduced water flows and qualities to downstream users (urban, agricultural and environmental). Second, we explore a policy requiring new plantations to purchase permanent entitlements in advance for amounts of water they will divert from downstream uses; the calculated increase in evapo-transpiration above that of current land-use. With no requirement to purchase entitlements, new plantation areas and their increased water consumption would be greatest, as would negative impacts on downstream water users. Some downstream water users are assumed willing to surrender entitlements at lower prices than others, resulting in an upward-sloping supply curve. Demand for entitlements by new upstream plantations will be functions of anticipated tree product yields, prices, establishment and opportunity costs. Their aggregate demand is downward sloping and intersects the supply curve to define the equilibrium quantity and price of water entitlements traded. With a tree product price of $70/m3 the economic consequences of unrestricted expansion of planting in the upper watersheds could be in the order of $639M (tree-NPV, 7%) in upstream private net benefit gains, but $388Min uncompensated losses to downstream public net benefits, counting losses of 154 GL in environmental flows valued at $1M/GL, for total catchment net benefits of $251M. The policy as confirmed by our PPBF, indicates “flexible negative incentives” to reduce the expansion of new private plantations by compensating downstream public losses through sale of water entitlements from the latter to the former. Assuming that environmental flows are protected and purchase of downstreamwater entitlements is required from irrigators and stock and domestic users for new tree plantations, net private benefits of $192M to new plantations are added to $138M in downstream public benefits, improving the net change in catchment benefits to $330M. The policy would improve total net catchment benefit from $251M to $330M, achieving an economically efficient, socially equitable and environmentally sustainable solution, which adjusts automatically over time through the market.
Price Discovery And Distribution Of Water Rights Linking Upstream Tree Plantations To Downstream Water Markets
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Author : Thomas L. Nordblom
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Price Discovery And Distribution Of Water Rights Linking Upstream Tree Plantations To Downstream Water Markets written by Thomas L. Nordblom and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
This paper reports controlled experiments on markets linking downstream water entitlement holders with upstream landholders wishing to establish large tree plantations. The present study tackles the question of whether it matters who owns the initial water rights. Coase's (1960) theorem suggests initial endowments will not affect final equilibrium outcomes, in terms of water prices and water rights held by the various parties. That theorem is tested through experiments with human subjects who blindly represent different groups of water users. These are land owners in upstream water supply sub-catchments and downstream urban, irrigation and 'stock & domestic' water users, each with pre-specified marginal values of water. These values and equilibrium results calculated in an earlier modelling study provide the theoretical base for evaluating the new results. In the experiment the initial endowments of water rights were shifted between the up and downstream participants. Strong 'endowment effects' were observed; participants who held the greatest initial endowments often traded away fewer units than predicted by the theoretical model and captured greater shares of the gains of trade. Including new tree plantations in the market for permanent water entitlements can engender positive changes in economic surpluses in all sectors, with greater levels of social equity and protection of downstream wetland assets. This is in sharp contrast with reductions in river volumes reaching downstream parties and environmental assets in the absence of regulations requiring purchase of entitlements to cover extra water use by new plantations.
Supply And Demand For Water Use By New Forest Plantations
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Author : Thomas L. Nordblom
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Supply And Demand For Water Use By New Forest Plantations written by Thomas L. Nordblom and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
This study examines the use of water by existing downstream entitlement holders and their possible market interactions with upstream interests in new forestry plantations in the case of the Macquarie River Catchment, NSW. Demand for offset water to allow upstream plantation establishment is estimated as a function of tree product value and direct and opportunity costs in six sub-catchment areas with different rainfalls and locations with respect to urban and other high security water users (UHS). This upstream demand is aggregated with downstream demand for water. The aggregate supply of downstream water entitlements is posited in terms of marginal values to each of three sectors [stock & domestic (S&D), irrigation (IRR), and wetland (WL) areas] and their current entitlements. Assuming a fixed quantity of water entitlements, equilibrium quantities traded and the distributions of trade and associated surpluses are estimated given each of four stumpage values for tree products. This is done assuming four combinations of scenarios: with or without the policy that water entitlements must be obtained before establishing a tree plantation, and with or without one sub-catchment being very salty, the latter being a hypothetical case. Assuming $70/m3 stumpage value for tree products, without the requirement to purchase offset water, total upstream surpluses due to extensive tree planting are projected to reach $639M and $688M in the FRESH and SALTY cases, respectively; downstream losses, not counting damages to the wetlands, are $233M and $236M (summing the IRR and S&D sectors) given uncompensated losses of 137 and 138 GL of water flow to them; further, uncompensated losses of 154 and 156 GL in annual river flow would be suffered by the wetlands. With the requirement to purchase water for establishing new tree plantations, upstream surpluses are projected to be $192M and $220M in the FRESH and SALTY cases, respectively, while downstream sums of IRR and S&D surpluses are $138M and $151M, given 90 and 97 GL of water traded upstream with no damages to the wetlands. Greater surpluses in the hypothetical SALTY cases are due to subsidies paid by UHS for tree planting to reduce water yields from the very salty sub-catchment, thereby lowering river salinity to acceptable levels for domestic use. Although sale of downstream water entitlements may just balance reductions in river flow due to new tree plantations, water delivery efficiency may be reduced and overhead costs increased for those not selling entitlements. Our analysis has not counted these costs.
The Large Dam Dilemma
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Author : Pu Wang
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-10-18
The Large Dam Dilemma written by Pu Wang and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-18 with Science categories.
Large dam construction has significant environmental and social impacts at different scales. As the largest developing country in the world, China has built about half of the world’s large dams, and more are expected to be built over the next two decades to meet the country’s rapidly growing demand for energy. This book summarizes and updates information about the history, distribution, functions, and impacts of large dams, both globally and at China’s national level. It then addresses the environmental and social-economic impacts of large dams in China with particular emphasis on the impacts of large dams on relocated people and associated compensation policies. Lastly, it introduces an integrated ecological and socio-economic study conducted in areas affected by dams along the Upper Mekong River, China. This book has the following three goals. The first goal is to summarize and update information on large dams globally and at China’s national level (Ch. 2). We examine large dam problems from different perspectives, ranging from their spatial and temporal distributions and their environmental and social impacts, to discussions and debates centered on them. We also incorporate the results of an empirical investigation of the environmental and socio-economic impacts of large dams on the Upper Mekong River, China, and draw conclusions out of the analysis (Chs.3 & 4). Our second goal is to provide an analysis framework to help understand the environmental and social-economic impacts of dam construction and the resulting environmental degradations and social inequities at different scales (Chs.3 & 4), as well as to offer recommendations for mitigating these impacts within China’s socio-political context (Ch. 5). The significant environmental effects resulting from dam construction include damage to ecological integrity and loss of biological diversity. The most significant social consequences brought by dam projects are their negative impacts on relocated people. Our analysis framework provides approaches to help comprehensively understand these impacts. Our third goal is to provide clues and suggestions for further studies of large dam problems both globally and in China (Ch. 5). The construction of large dams is proceeding rapidly in different parts of the world despite the heated debates on whether they should be built at all. The decision-making process related to building large dams involves considerations of economic viability, environmental sustainability, and social equity. Therefore, interdisciplinary collaborations are required in large dam research and development projects in order to reconcile the interests of different stakeholders and avoid harming ecosystems, biodiversity, and human welfare. Overall, we hope our book facilitates future examinations of large dams by providing summaries of existing data and research related to large dams, and offering a framework for better understanding and analyzing their environmental and social impacts.
Coping With Water Scarcity
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Author : Jean-Marc Faurès
language : en
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)
Release Date : 2012
Coping With Water Scarcity written by Jean-Marc Faurès and has been published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Food security categories.
The report aims to provide a conceptual framework to address food security under conditions of water scarcity in agriculture. It has been prepared by a team of FAO staff and consultants in the framework of the project "Coping with water scarcity - the role of agriculture", and has been discussed at an Expert Consultation meeting organized in FAO, Rome, during the period 14-16 December 2009 on the same subject. It was subsequently edited and revised, taking account of discussions in the Expert Consultation and materials presented to the meeting. The purpose of the Expert Consultation was to assist FAO to better design its water scarcity programme. In particular, the experts were requested to provide recommendations on the range of technical and policy options and associated principles that FAO should promote as part of an agricultural response to water scarcity in member countries. The document offers views on the conceptual framework on which FAO's water scarcity programme should be based, proposes a set of definitions associated with the concept of water scarcity, and indicates the main principles on which FAO should base its action in support to its member countries. At the meeting, experts were requested to review the draft document and provide feedback and recommendations for its finalization. Issues that were addressed in discussions included: 3⁄4 Water scarcity: agreement on key definitions. 3⁄4 The conceptualisation of water scarcity in ways that are meaningful for policy development and decision-making. 3⁄4 The quantification of water scarcity. . 3⁄4 Policy and technical response options available to ensure food security in conditions of water scarcity. . 3⁄4 Criteria and principles that should be used to establish priorities for action in response to water scarcity in agriculture and ensure effective and efficient water scarcity coping strategies.
Forests Water Guidelines
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Author : Great Britain. Forestry Commission
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Forests Water Guidelines written by Great Britain. Forestry Commission and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Acid rain categories.
This work advises owners and managers how woodlands and forests influence the freshwater ecosystem, and gives guidance on how operations should be carried out in order to protect and enhance the water environment. The guidelines apply equally to forest enterprises and the private sector.
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005
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Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
language : en
Publisher: Fao
Release Date : 2006
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and has been published by Fao this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Business & Economics categories.
Since 1946, FAO regularly monitors the world's forests through Global Forest Resources Assessments. The mandate to carry out these assessments stems both from the basic statutes of FAO and the Committee on Forestry (COFO). Divided into nine chapters, the publication covers the following topics: the extent of forest resources; biological diversity; forest health and vitality; productive functions of forest resources; protective functions of forest resources; socio-economic functions; progress towards sustainable forest management.
A Guide To Forest Water Management
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Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
language : en
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
Release Date : 2021-08-24
A Guide To Forest Water Management written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and has been published by Food & Agriculture Org. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-08-24 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Many people worldwide lack adequate access to clean water to meet basic needs, and many important economic activities, such as energy production and agriculture, also require water. Climate change is likely to aggravate water stress. As temperatures rise, ecosystems and the human, plant, and animal communities that depend on them will need more water to maintain their health and to thrive. Forests and trees are integral to the global water cycle and therefore vital for water security – they regulate water quantity, quality, and timing and provide protective functions against (for example) soil and coastal erosion, flooding, and avalanches. Forested watersheds provide 75 percent of our freshwater, delivering water to over half the world’s population. The purpose of A Guide to Forest–Water Management is to improve the global information base on the protective functions of forests for soil and water. It reviews emerging techniques and methodologies, provides guidance and recommendations on how to manage forests for their water ecosystem services, and offers insights into the business and economic cases for managing forests for water ecosystem services. Intact native forests and well-managed planted forests can be a relatively cheap approach to water management while generating multiple co-benefits. Water security is a significant global challenge, but this paper argues that water-centered forests can provide nature-based solutions to ensuring global water resilience.
The Active Beautiful Clean Waters Programme
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
The Active Beautiful Clean Waters Programme written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Bodies of water categories.
It documents the development of the Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters Programme and illustrates the potential of Singapore's blue spaces as environmental assets to enhance the liveability of urban environments.
The United Nations World Water Development Report 2018
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Author : WWAP
language : en
Publisher: UNESCO Publishing
Release Date : 2018-03-26
The United Nations World Water Development Report 2018 written by WWAP and has been published by UNESCO Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-03-26 with Water quality management categories.