Drought Of Opportunities
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Drought Of Opportunities
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Author : Manisha Shah
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Drought Of Opportunities written by Manisha Shah and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Economics categories.
Higher wages are generally thought to increase human capital production especially in the developing world. We show that human capital investment is procyclical in early life (in utero to age 3), but then becomes countercyclical. We argue this countercyclical effect is caused by families investing more time in schooling when outside options are worse. We show that children and mothers report a lower likelihood of work in drought years, and children are more likely to attend school. In addition, we find long term impacts of these shocks: adults who experienced more rainfall during school years have lower overall total years of schooling and lower wages. These results suggest that the opportunity cost of schooling, even for fairly young children, is an important factor in determining overall human capital investment.
Drought Of Opportunities
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Author : Manisha Shah
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Drought Of Opportunities written by Manisha Shah and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Higher wages are generally thought to increase human capital production, particularly in the developing world. We introduce a simple model of human capital production in which investments and time allocation differ by age. Using data on test scores and schooling from rural India, we show that higher wages increase human capital investment in early life (in utero to age 2) but decrease human capital from ages 5-16. Positive rainfall shocks increase wages by 2% and decrease math test scores by 2-5% of a standard deviation, school attendance by 2 percentage points, and the probability that a child is enrolled in school by 1 percentage point. These results are long-lasting; adults complete 0.2 fewer total years of schooling for each year of exposure to a positive rainfall shock from ages 11-13. We show that children are switching out of school enrollment into productive work when rainfall is higher. These results suggest that the opportunity cost of schooling, even for fairly young children, is an important factor in determining overall human capital investment.
Confronting Drought In Africa S Drylands
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Author : Raffaello Cervigni
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2016-05-10
Confronting Drought In Africa S Drylands written by Raffaello Cervigni and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-05-10 with Business & Economics categories.
Drylands are at the core of Africa’s development challenge. Drylands make up about 43 percent of the region’s land surface, account for about 75 percent of the area used for agriculture, and are home to about 50 percent of the population, including a disproportionate share of the poor. Due to complex interactions among many factors, vulnerability in drylands is high and rising, jeopardizing the long-term livelihood prospects for hundreds of millions of people. Climate change, which is expected to increase the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, will exacerbate this challenge. African governments and their partners in the international development community stand ready to tackle the challenges confronting drylands, but important questions remain unanswered about how the task should be undertaken. Do dryland environments contain enough resources to generate the food, jobs, and income needed to support sustainable livelihoods for a fast growing population? If not, can injections of external resources make up the deficit? Or is the carrying capacity of drylands so limited that outmigration should be encouraged? Based on analysis of current and projected future drivers of vulnerability and resilience, the report uses an original modeling framework to identify promising interventions, quantify their likely costs and benefits, and describe the policy trade-offs that will need to be addressed. By 2030, economic growth leading to structural change will allow some of the people living in drylands to transition to non-agriculture based livelihood strategies, reducing their vulnerability. Many others will continue to rely on livestock keeping and crop farming. For the latter group, a number of “best bet†? interventions have the potential to make a significant difference in reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience. This report evaluates the opportunities and challenges associated with these interventions, and it draws a number of conclusions that have important implications for policy making.
Mitigating Drought Impacts In Drylands
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Author : Federica Carfagna
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2018-04-13
Mitigating Drought Impacts In Drylands written by Federica Carfagna and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-04-13 with Science categories.
Drylands account for three-quarters of Sub-Saharan Africa's cropland, two-thirds of cereal production, and four-fifths of livestock holdings. Today frequent and severe shocks, especially droughts, limit the livelihood opportunities available to millions of households and undermine efforts to eradicate poverty in the drylands. Prospects for sustainable development of drylands are assessed in this book through the lens of resilience, understood here to mean the ability of people to withstand and respond to droughts and other shocks. An original model was developed expressly to consistently and coherently evaluate different type of interventions on the ground, which provided a common framework to anticipate the scale of the challenges likely to arise in drylands, as well as to generate insights into opportunities for addressing those challenges. Such modeling framework consisted in a) estimating the baseline vulnerability profiles of people living in drylands (2010), b) estimate the evolution of vulnerability by 2030 under a range of assumptions, c) calculated the number of people affectedby drought in the different administrative units of each country, and d) evaluate different types of interventions in agriculture and livestock for mitigating drought impact by calculating the potential for reducing the number of people affected for each scenario and conducting a simplified · benefit/cost (B/C) analysis for each type of intervention. For livestock, simulation models were used to estimate the impacts of feed balances, livestock production, and household income resilience interventions under different climate scenarios). For agriculture, the DSSAT (Decision Support System for·Agrotechnology Transfer) framework was used to assess the potential impact on yields likely to result from adoption of five crop farming technologies: (1) drought-tolerant varieties, (2) heat-tolerant varieties, (3) additional fertilizer, (4) agroforestry practices, (S) irrigation (6) water-harvesting techniques and selected combinations thereof.
Lessons And Opportunities From The Drought
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Lessons And Opportunities From The Drought written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Agriculture categories.
Desertification Drought Poverty And Agriculture
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Author : International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Desertification Drought Poverty And Agriculture written by International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Arid regions categories.
The California Drought And Opportunities For Collaborative Water Management With A Case Study Of Alfalfa In Yolo County
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Author : Emy Kelty
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
The California Drought And Opportunities For Collaborative Water Management With A Case Study Of Alfalfa In Yolo County written by Emy Kelty and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Drought management categories.
Volunteer Cover Crop Opportunities During Drought
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Author : James Leroy Helm
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1988
Volunteer Cover Crop Opportunities During Drought written by James Leroy Helm and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988 with Cover crops categories.
Drought
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Author : Ben Cook
language : en
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Release Date : 2019-04-30
Drought written by Ben Cook and has been published by Columbia University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-04-30 with Science categories.
Water is fundamental to all life. From the Dust Bowl of the 1930s, to the extreme water shortages that have struck California in recent years, modern societies often take its abundance for granted until it unexpectedly becomes scarce. Drought is one of the many problems anthropogenic climate change may exacerbate, but it is also a complex phenomenon at the intersection of a range of scientific disciplines and public policy issues. In this innovative book, Benjamin I. Cook brings together climate science, hydrology, and ecology to provide a synthetic overview of drought and its environmental and social consequences. Cook introduces readers to the hydroclimate and its components, explaining the global water cycle, the earth’s climate system, and the distribution of water resources. He discusses drought dynamics and variability over time, the climatological context and ecological effects, and environmental issues such as desertification, land degradation, and groundwater depletion. He also considers the socioeconomic impacts of drought and the role of drought risk management policy, especially in light of how climate change is expected to affect drought risk and severity. Cook gives special attention to paleoclimate and the role of drought in the crises of ancient civilizations. A scientifically comprehensive and approachable overview of water issues throughout the world, Drought is a critical interdisciplinary text that will be essential reading for a broad range of students in earth science and environmental and sustainability studies.
Exploring New Opportunities For Drought Risk Assessment And Awareness To Enhance Drought Risk Management At The Local Levels
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Author : Elliot D. Wickham
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Exploring New Opportunities For Drought Risk Assessment And Awareness To Enhance Drought Risk Management At The Local Levels written by Elliot D. Wickham and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Drought management categories.
Drought management in the United States has traditionally taken form of state-level drought since there is no Federal requirement that requires planning that is specifically drought focused. Overtime, drought planning has become more common practice at the state level, with 46 of the 50 states currently having either a drought mitigation or response plan established. Drought planning is also increasing at the sub-state and local level since state-level drought plans may not adequately reduce drought impacts at smaller scales. Despite the growth of drought planning efforts, drought management typically focuses on crisis management, reactive management approaches during a drought, rather than risk management that focuses on approaches to reduce impacts before a drought period. Successful drought risk management is built upon three pillars: (1) monitoring and early warning; (2) impact and vulnerability assessment; and (3) mitigation, preparedness, and response. This work is separated into three articles, focusing on the second and third pillars of drought risk management. The first article in this dissertation is a risk assessment of urban counties in the United States, providing the foundation for creating an Urban Drought Risk Index. The second article evaluates survey data of land use planners across the United States to understand their perceptions and awareness of drought. The final article uses the findings of a drought-specific Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (THIRA) workshop (FEMA risk assessment process, focused solely on drought) in the Platte River Basin, NE to evaluate the current drought planning efforts in the study area. The combination of these three articles provide three new and effective opportunities to reduce drought risk at the local levels through increasing the integration of drought planning beyond the traditional drought planning disciplines, which allows for a more comprehensive drought risk management. In addition, approaches used in these three articles can be synthesized together through the use of a drought-specific THIRA process where land use planners are included, providing the ability to link the concepts, outcomes, and recommendations produced by the three articles.