Earthquake Tremors Not Again
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Earthquake Tremors Not Again
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Author : B. A. Mihalchick
language : en
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
Release Date : 2022-07-18
Earthquake Tremors Not Again written by B. A. Mihalchick and has been published by Xlibris Corporation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-07-18 with Fiction categories.
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Slow Earthquakes
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Author : Ariane Ducellier
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Slow Earthquakes written by Ariane Ducellier and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
The focus of this thesis is slow earthquakes, that is earthquake-like events that release energy over a period of hours to months, rather than the seconds to minutes characteristic of a typical earthquake. Slow slip events were discovered in many subduction zones during the last two decades thanks to recordings of the displacement of Earth's surface by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) networks. As ordinary earthquakes, slow slip events are caused by slip on a fault (for instance, the plate boundary between a tectonic plate subducting under another tectonic plate). However, they take a much longer time (several days to several years) to happen relative to ordinary earthquakes, they have a relatively short recurrence time (months to years), compared to the recurrence time of regular earthquakes (up to several hundreds of years), and the seismic waves they generate are much weaker than the seismic waves generated by ordinary earthquakes and may not be detectable. A slow slip event is inferred to happen when there is a reversal of the direction of motion at GNSS stations, compared to the inter-seismic motion of the surface displacement. In many places, tectonic tremor is also observed in relation to slow slip. Tremor is a long (several seconds to many minutes), low amplitude seismic signal, with emergent onsets, and an absence of clear impulsive phases. Tectonic tremor has been explained as a swarm of small, low-frequency earthquakes (LFEs), that is small magnitude earthquakes (M ~ 1) with frequency content (1-10 Hz) lower than for ordinary earthquakes (up to 20 Hz). Low-frequency earthquakes are usually grouped into families of events, with all the earthquakes of a given family originating from the same small patch on the plate interface and recurring more or less episodically in a bursty manner. Due to the lack of clear impulsive phases in the tremor signal, it is difficult to determine the depth of the tremor source and the distance of the source to the plate interface with great precision. The thickness of the tremor region is also not well constrained. The tremor may be located on a narrow fault as the low-frequency earthquakes appear to be or distributed over a few kilometers wide low shear-wave velocity layer in the upper oceanic crust, which is thought to be a region with high pore-fluid pressure. In the second chapter of this thesis, I compute lag times of peaks in the cross-correlation of the horizontal and vertical components of tremor seismograms, recorded by small-aperture arrays in the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, and interpret them to to be S minus P times. I estimate tremor depths from these S minus P times using epicenters from a previous study using a multibeam back-projection method. The tremor is located close to the plate boundary in a region no more than 2-3 kilometers thick and is very close to the depths of low-frequency earthquakes. The tremor is distributed over a wider depth range than the low-frequency earthquakes. However, due to the uncertainty on the depth, it is difficult to conclude whether the source of the tremor is located at the top of the subducting oceanic crust, in the lower continental crust just above the plate boundary, or in a narrow zone at the plate boundary. In the third chapter of this thesis, I extend the LFE catalog obtained by Plourde et al. (2015) during an episode of high tremor activity in April 2008, to the 8-year-long period 2004-2011. All of the tremor in the Boyarko et al. (2015) catalog south of 42 degrees North has associated LFE activity, but I have identified several other, mostly smaller, clusters of LFEs, and extend their catalog forward and backward by a total of about 3 years. As in northern Cascadia, the down-dip LFE families have recurrence intervals several times smaller than the up-dip families. For the April 2008 Episodic Tremor and Slip event, the best recorded LFE families exhibit a strong tidal Coulomb stress sensitivity starting 1.5 days after the rupture front passes by each LFE family. This behavior is very similar to what has been observed in northern Cascadia, even though the predicted Coulomb stress is about half the magnitude in the south. The southernmost LFE family, which has been interpreted to be on the subduction plate boundary, near the up-dip limit of tremor, has a very short recurrence time. Also, these LFEs tend to occur during times when predicted tidal Coulomb stress is discouraging slip on the plate boundary. Both observations suggest this LFE family may be on a different fault, perhaps a crustal fault. In many places, tectonic tremor is observed in relation to slow slip and can be used as a proxy to study slow slip events of moderate magnitude where surface deformation is hidden in GNSS noise. However, in places where no clear relationship between tremor and slow slip occurrence is observed, these methods cannot be applied, and we need other methods to be able to better detect and quantify slow slip. In the fourth chapter of this thesis, I use the Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT) to analyze GNSS time series and seismic recordings of slow slip events in Cascadia. I use detrended GNSS data, apply the MODWT transform and stack the wavelet details from several neighboring GNSS stations. As an independent check on the timing of slow slip events, I also compute the cumulative number of tremors in the vicinity of the GNSS stations, detrend this signal, and apply the MODWT transform. I then assume that there is a transient, interpreted as a slow slip event, whenever there is a positive peak followed by a negative peak in the wavelet signal. I verify that there is a good agreement between slow slip events detected with only GNSS data, and slow slip events detected with only tremor data. The wavelet-based detection method detects well events of magnitude higher than 6 as determined by independent event catalogs (Michel et al., 2019).
After The Earth Quakes
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Author : Susan Elizabeth Hough
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2005-11-24
After The Earth Quakes written by Susan Elizabeth Hough and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-11-24 with Science categories.
Earthquakes rank among the most terrifying natural disasters faced by mankind. Out of a clear blue sky-or worse, a jet black one-comes shaking strong enough to hurl furniture across the room, human bodies out of bed, and entire houses off of their foundations. When the dust settles, the immediate aftermath of an earthquake in an urbanized society can be profound. Phone and water supplies can be disrupted for days, fires erupt, and even a small number of overpass collapses can snarl traffic for months. However, when one examines the collective responses of developed societies to major earthquake disasters in recent historic times, a somewhat surprising theme emerges: not only determination, but resilience; not only resilience, but acceptance; not only acceptance, but astonishingly, humor. Elastic rebound is one of the most basic tenets of modern earthquake science, the term that scientists use to describe the build-up and release of energy along faults. It is also the best metaphor for societal responses to major earthquakes in recent historic times. After The Earth Quakes focuses on this theme, using a number of pivotal and intriguing historic earthquakes as illustration. The book concludes with a consideration of projected future losses on an increasingly urbanized planet, including the near-certainty that a future earthquake will someday claim over a million lives. This grim prediction impels us to take steps to mitigate earthquake risk, the innately human capacity for rebound notwithstanding.
After The Earthquake
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Author : William McCay
language : en
Publisher: Benchmark Education Company
Release Date : 2011
After The Earthquake written by William McCay and has been published by Benchmark Education Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Earthquakes categories.
Examines earthquakes, discussing what causes them, how they are measured, and how they can cause tsunamis. Includes a section on the San Francisco earthquake of 1906. Explains how scientists study earthquakes and how the information they gather is used to save lives.
After A California Earthquake
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Author : Risa Palm
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 1992-04-15
After A California Earthquake written by Risa Palm and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992-04-15 with Business & Economics categories.
Shortly before the Loma Prieta earthquake devastated areas of Northern California in 1989, Risa Palm and her associates had surveyed 2,500 homeowners in the area about their perception of risk from earthquakes. After the quake they surveyed the homeowners again and found that their perception of risk had increased but that most respondents were fatalistic and continued to ignore self-protective measures; those who personally experienced damage were more likely to buy insurance. A rare opportunity to analyze behavior change directly before and after a natural disaster, this survey has implications for policy makers, insurance officials, and those concerned with risk management.
Earthquake Early Warning And The Physics Of Earthquake Rupture
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Author : Gilead Wurman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Earthquake Early Warning And The Physics Of Earthquake Rupture written by Gilead Wurman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
One of the great debates in seismology today revolves around the question of whether earthquake ruptures are self-similar, cascading failures, or whether their size is somehow predetermined at the start of the rupture. If earthquakes are self-similar there is theoretically no way to determine the magnitude of an event until the rupture has completely terminated, while if it is deterministic the magnitude should be immediately discernible. Recent advances in Earthquake Early Warning methodologies provide new insight into the fundamental physics of earthquake rupture and highlight the importance of understanding the answer to this question. Observations of the amplitude and frequency content of early P-wave arrivals suggest that some information about the final size of an earthquake is already present within a few seconds of the initiation of rupture, in agreement with a host of other observations that show a degree of scaling between large and small earthquakes. While this suggests that earthquakes are deterministic, there is likewise a large body of work, both observational and model-based, that indicates that this is not true and earthquakes are self-similar. This work documents the process of calibrating and testing the ElarmS Earthquake Early Warning methodology in northern California on the Northern California and Berkeley Digital Seismic Networks. In the process the work adds to the body of observations which show a dependency on event magnitude of P-wave frequency content and amplitude. These observations are corroborated with a new set of independent observations of kinematic slip distributions. These new observations indicate that the early slip on a fault also scales with magnitude and suggest again that earthquakes are not entirely self-similar cascading events. In an effort to assign a physical mechanism to the observations of scaling, both in P-waves and in kinematic slip inversions, a hypothetical model is tested wherein the intensity of the early rupture imparts more or less energy to the rupture front and affects the likelihood of the rupture continuing or dying out in the face of unfavorable conditions further along the fault plane. The results of testing this hypothesis are somewhat equivocal, but they are suggestive of the likely truth, that earthquakes exhibit aspects of both deterministic and cascading rupture to some degree. Understanding the details of the interplay between these two aspects is crucial to the successful application of Earthquake Early Warning systems, especially in rare large earthquakes for which there is little empirical data on the performance of these systems.
The Earthquake America Forgot
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Author : Norman Reiss
language : en
Publisher: Care Publications
Release Date : 2005-02-07
The Earthquake America Forgot written by Norman Reiss and has been published by Care Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-02-07 with History categories.
Scientifically and historically describes the New Madrid, Missouri earthquakes of 1811-1812 and provides valuable information in the event of an earthquake today.
The Politics Of Earthquake Prediction
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Author : Richard S. Olson
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2014-07-14
The Politics Of Earthquake Prediction written by Richard S. Olson and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-14 with Political Science categories.
The Politics of Earthquake Prediction is a suspenseful account of what happens when scientists predict an enormous earthquake for a specific day--an earthquake that did not, in this instance, happen, but which, if it had, would have been one of the most destructive of our century. Working in a field where uncertainty abounds, Dr. Brian Brady of the U.S. Bureau of Mines and Dr. William Spence of the U.S. Geological Survey gradually came to the conclusion that a catastrophic quake would occur on June 28, 1981, off the coast of central Peru, near the great population center of Lima-Callao. Their research was based on a theory challenging scientific notions widely accepted in the seismological "establishment." This book is a fast-paced but thorough and sensitive description of how this scientific dispute became a political controversy. The work portrays in detail the struggles of scientists and government officials in both the United States and Peru attempting to "do the right thing" as the target date approached. The authors emphasize the political, economic, and moral dilemmas of earthquake prediction, the impact of the media, and the potentially drastic consequences of ignoring a valid prediction. Originally published in 1989. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
The Earthquake That Never Went Away
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Author : David Stewart
language : en
Publisher: Care Publications
Release Date : 1993
The Earthquake That Never Went Away written by David Stewart and has been published by Care Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Earthquakes categories.
150 original photos, figures & tables on the New Madrid Seismic Zone of faults, fissures, & scars in the landscape still visible from the great earthquakes of 1811-12 and how they still affect you today.
Apocalypse
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Author : Amos Nur
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2021-09-14
Apocalypse written by Amos Nur and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-14 with Science categories.
What if Troy was not destroyed in the epic battle immortalized by Homer? What if many legendary cities of the ancient world did not meet their ends through war and conquest as archaeologists and historians believe, but in fact were laid waste by a force of nature so catastrophic that religions and legends describe it as the wrath of god? Apocalypse brings the latest scientific evidence to bear on biblical accounts, mythology, and the archaeological record to explore how ancient and modern earthquakes have shaped history--and, for some civilizations, seemingly heralded the end of the world. Archaeologists are trained to seek human causes behind the ruins they study. Because of this, the subtle clues that indicate earthquake damage are often overlooked or even ignored. Amos Nur bridges the gap that for too long has separated archaeology and seismology. He examines tantalizing evidence of earthquakes at some of the world's most famous archaeological sites in the Mediterranean and elsewhere, including Troy, Jericho, Knossos, Mycenae, Armageddon, Teotihuacán, and Petra. He reveals what the Bible, the Iliad, and other writings can tell us about the seismic calamities that may have rocked the ancient world. He even explores how earthquakes may have helped preserve the Dead Sea Scrolls. As Nur shows, recognizing earthquake damage in the shifted foundations and toppled arches of historic ruins is vital today because the scientific record of world earthquake risks is still incomplete. Apocalypse explains where and why ancient earthquakes struck--and could strike again.