Economic Reform In China 1979 2003
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Economic Reform In China 1979 2003
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Author : Elizabeth Freund Larus
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Economic Reform In China 1979 2003 written by Elizabeth Freund Larus and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with China categories.
This book provides a clear, yet intricate understanding of the issues, focusing on the state industrial enterprises and affirming that a policy of gradualism was politically prudent in the 1980s and 90s given the political constraints and resistance to reforms by some labor groups. It depicts the delicate balance between state owned enterprises and domestic worker dissatisfaction.
Economic Reforms And Political Attempts In China 1979 1989
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Author : Barna Talas
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Economic Reforms And Political Attempts In China 1979 1989 written by Barna Talas and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Business & Economics categories.
In our quickly changing world, authors who are analyzing the so cial, economic, and political processes going on in different countries often find themselves in a situation where the deve lopment of processes they have already described take a turn in another direction before their work is in final form or appears in print. As a consequence, some of their statements are no lon ger valid. More rarely it occurs that after the writing of a book presenting a reform process covering 10 years (the writing itself taking one and a half years), exceptional events take place in the given country (within 1 or 2 months of the delivery of the manuscript) that indicate a sharp break in this process, one that makes it doubtful whether the process can continue along the same channel. This is what has happened to this text and to its author at the beginning of June, 1989, when in Beijing - after the brutal suppression of student demonstrations and of protests lasting several weeks - the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Zhao Ziyang, was relieved of his office and arrested, along with several other prominent repre sentatives of reform policy and reform endeavors of the past decade. The manuscript of this book was handed over to the pub lisher on May 4, 1989, for editing. Immediately thereafter I left for nearly 2 months in the United States; consequently, I did not receive the manuscript again until in early July.
Foreign Direct Investment And Economic Growth In China S Regions 1979 2003
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Author : Kailei Wei
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Foreign Direct Investment And Economic Growth In China S Regions 1979 2003 written by Kailei Wei and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
From 1978 to 2007, China has gone through 30 years of exciting economic development and social changes. In this thirty-year period, China's gross domestic product (GDP) increased from 0.36 trillion RMB to about 24 trillion RMB in current prices, or a 14 fold increase in constant prices. On a per capita basis, real GDP increased over ten fold during the same period. It is predicted that China will overtake Germany to become the world's third largest economy in 2007 or 2008. In 2006, China became the world's third largest exporter, moving from the 23rd place in the world ranking in 1978. By 2010, China will become the world's largest exporter, overtaking both the US and Germany. From 1994, China has been the largest host country of foreign direct investment in the developing countries and the second largest in the world after the US. Over 1979-2006, China accumulated a FDI stock of $692 billion. The total trade volume in 2006 was $1.76 trillion, generating a surplus of $177 billion. By November 2007, China had accumulated a foreign exchange reserve of $1.45 trillion, which was the largest in the world. The emergence of China has probably induced the most profound impact on the global social, economic and political order in world development history as the momentum of China's economic growth is predicted to last for at least another two to three decades. Economic development in China over the last thirty years can be divided into two main stages. The first stage was from 1978 to 1991, when the economic development strategy was characterized by institutional reforms in agriculture and industry. Agricultural reform began with the introduction of the rural household production responsibility System in 1978. By 1984, rural reform had made remarkable achievements in grain output, farm income, land productivity, and above ail, poverty reduction. The success of agricultural reform provided a solid foundation for the reforms in the industrial and urban sectors, starting from the early 1980s. As the urban industrial economy was dominated by state ownership, especially the state-owned enterprises, similar reforms methods that were proved successful in the countryside such as the production responsibility did not work very well in the cities. As a result, urban and industrial reforms encountered far more complication and difficulty in the 1980s and 1990s. To break the iceberg of the traditional Chinese planned system, opening was an important strategy of Deng Xiaoping to change the urban industrial economy to a market-oriented system. This was why China began with four special economic zones and 14 open coastal cities in the 1980s to experiment with capitalism and market in order to demonstrate that state-ownership and socialist planning can be substituted by, or at least supplemented with market capitalism. The second stage of China's economic reform started from 1992 after Deng Xiaoping made his tour to South China to encourage the people in the south, especially in Guangdong, to move faster towards a more open and market-oriented economy, allowing the inflow of foreign capital in large scale. Only after 1992 did foreign direct Investment (FDI) become a significant phenomenon in China's economic growth. Before 1992, FDI was allowed in the special economic zones and open coastal cities on an experimental basis. The amount of FDI was small because the government and the people did not have experiences in attracting foreign capital and were afraid that FDI could change the nature of the socialist state and the nature of the communist party. However, the difficulty in reforming the state-owned industrial sector also meant that if the government did not allow foreign capital to flow into China, it would have been impossible to achieve the reform objectives, one of which was to increase China's international competitiveness and industrial productivity. In short, economic reforms during 1978-92 can be regarded as reforms of domestic institutions and reforms after 1992 can be regarded as openness, export-push and globalization. One of the key elements of reforms after 1992 is FDL The role of FDI in China's economic development is not necessary to make up the shortfall of investments in the country as China has maintained a high saving rate since economic reforms. The most important contributions of FDI to the Chinese economy include technological transfer, competition, and export promotion. This thesis uses the most up-to-date and comprehensive data covering all the Chinese provinces over the period 1979-2003 to examine how FDI has contributed to economic growth. The growth models and the empirical results prove the following two important hypotheses: (1) FDI is a mover of production efficiency. It means that the presence of FDI helps domestic firms to reduce production inefficiency. (2) FDI is a shifter of the domestic production frontier. This means that FDI can help China to move to a higher technological production frontier so that for the same amount of inputs, China is able to produce more outputs, ceteris paribus, because the embedded technologies in FDI have brought about new technologies, production processes and management that were not existent within the country before. In the literature, few researchers have argued against the positive contribution of FDI to economic growth in China, but many have argued that FDI must have contributed to the rising income inequality, especially regional income inequality in the country. One important problem emerging from China's fast economic growth over the past three decades is the ever rising income inequality. Spatial inequality is an important part of total inequality. It happens that the pattern of this inequality is coincided with the pattern of FDI distribution. The east region has taken a lion's share of FDI whilst the inland regions assume a small portion. This thesis analyses both the patterns of income and FDI distribution across the provinces. It suggests that FDI cannot be blamed for regional inequality. Instead, it is the unequal distribution of FDI that has been responsible for the rising regional inequality. Consequently, the government should encourage, rather than discourage FDI to reduce regional income inequality, but the inflows of FDI must be directed more towards to the inland regions in the future. Another part of this thesis is to identify the main determinants of FDI in China. It is shown that market size, measured by GDP, infrastructure, population density, human capital, exchange rate, location and government policies are important factors influencing the inflows of FDI into China. The main conclusions in this thesis are as follows: (1) Fast economic growth in China has been helped by the massive inflows of FDI. (2) FDI helped domestic firms in improving competition and productivity. FDI also helped improving China's technological progress. Over the period 1979-2003, total factor productivity in China increased about 4% per annum and the contribution of FDI was roughly one-third of this productivity growth. Technological progress in China exhibits a two-steps waterfall shape, Coming down from more than 4% in the east, to less than 2% in the central, and to less than 1% in the west. (3) FDI cannot be blamed for the rising regional inequality in China. FDI should be encouraged, especially in the inland areas, to promote growth and to reduce regional inequality. (4) FDI inflows have been affected by many factors, among which government policies and macro-economic environment are important. To promote FDI, the relatively backward areas in the west and the central regions should be given more preferential policies, including taxation, infrastructure and education.
The Political Logic Of Economic Reform In China
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Author : Susan L. Shirk
language : en
Publisher: Univ of California Press
Release Date : 2023-04-28
The Political Logic Of Economic Reform In China written by Susan L. Shirk and has been published by Univ of California Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-04-28 with History categories.
In the past decade, China was able to carry out economic reform without political reform, while the Soviet Union attempted the opposite strategy. How did China succeed at economic market reform without changing communist rule? Susan Shirk shows that Chinese communist political institutions are more flexible and less centralized than their Soviet counterparts were. Shirk pioneers a rational choice institutional approach to analyze policy-making in a non-democratic authoritarian country and to explain the history of Chinese market reforms from 1979 to the present. Drawing on extensive interviews with high-level Chinese officials, she pieces together detailed histories of economic reform policy decisions and shows how the political logic of Chinese communist institutions shaped those decisions. Combining theoretical ambition with the flavor of on-the-ground policy-making in Beijing, this book is a major contribution to the study of reform in China and other communist countries. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1994. In the past decade, China was able to carry out economic reform without political reform, while the Soviet Union attempted the opposite strategy. How did China succeed at economic market reform without changing communist rule? Susan Shirk shows that Chine
China S Three Decades Of Economic Reforms
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Author : Xiaohui Liu
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2009-09-10
China S Three Decades Of Economic Reforms written by Xiaohui Liu and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-09-10 with Business & Economics categories.
China's economy continues to grow rapidly, with important consequences for its own society and environment, as well as for the wider world economy. This book provides much-needed insight, using the latest research findings, into China’s successful reform experience and its challenges over three decades.
The China Miracle
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Author : Justin Yifu Lin
language : en
Publisher: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press
Release Date : 2004-03-15
The China Miracle written by Justin Yifu Lin and has been published by The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-03-15 with Business & Economics categories.
The tremendous success of China's economic reform, in contrast with the vast difficulties encountered by the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries in their transition, has attracted worldwide attention. Using a historical, comparative and analytic approach grounded in mainstream economics, the authors develop a consistent and rational framework of state-owned enterprises and individual agents to analyze the internal logic of the traditional planning system. They also explain why the Chinese economy grew slowly before the market-oriented reform in 1979 but became one of the fastest growing economies afterwards, and why the vigour/chaos cycle became part of China's reform process. The book also addresses to the questions that whether China can continue its trend of reform and development and become the largest economy in the world in the early 21st century, and what the general implications of China's experience of development and reform are for other developing and transition economies. The first edition has been well-received and is the standard textbook or reference for students and researchers of China studies. In this thoroughly revised edition, the authors have updated the data and information in the book and include a new chapter on the impact of China's WTO accession on its economic reforms and causes of the current deflation.
Economic Reforms In China 1979 1990 Microform
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Author : Florence Lui
language : en
Publisher: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada
Release Date : 1994
Economic Reforms In China 1979 1990 Microform written by Florence Lui and has been published by National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with China categories.
Economic Theories In China 1979 1988
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Author : Robert C. Hsu
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2005-11-24
Economic Theories In China 1979 1988 written by Robert C. Hsu and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-11-24 with Business & Economics categories.
In China, the decade from 1979 to 1988 witnessed among economists and policymakers an unprecedented willingness to depart from the traditional dogmatic interpretations of socialism and to enter into a discourse aimed at promoting economic reforms and development. Robert C. Hsu, in Economic Theories in China, 1979-1988, systematically explores the substance and logic of the evolution of the most vital economic-reform theories prevalent in China during those years (before the recent slowdown). He also examines and assesses the delicate interaction between these theories and the practical policies of the Chinese government. Hsu's analysis covers the debates over exactly how to combine the market mechanism with socialist planning. Chinese economists argued about how to diversify the ownership system, how to implement price-wage reforms, how to invigorate state-owned enterprises and make them more efficient, and how to develop China's agriculture, industry, and foreign trade. Though Hsu critically dissects the diversity of views and describes the shortcomings that will affect future economic policies and theories, his mood is primarily an affirmation of the new dynamic age of China's economics. This is the first study in English of economic theories of the reform decade in China and the first to comment on the relationship between theoretical and institutional changes. It will be of interest not only to economists, but also to political scientists and China scholars from many other disciplines.
Understanding And Interpreting Chinese Economic Reform
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Author : Jinglian Wu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Understanding And Interpreting Chinese Economic Reform written by Jinglian Wu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with China categories.
The China Miracle
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Author : Justin Yifu Lin
language : en
Publisher: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press
Release Date : 2003
The China Miracle written by Justin Yifu Lin and has been published by Chinese University of Hong Kong Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Business & Economics categories.
Using a historical, comparative and analytic approach grounded in mainstream economics, the authors develop a consistent and rational framework of state-owned enterprises and individual agents to analyze the internal logic of the traditional Chinese planning system. In this revised edition, the authors update the data and information in the book and include a new chapter on the impact of China's WTO accession on its reform.