Effectiveness Of Urban Shelter In Place Iii
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Effectiveness Of Urban Shelter In Place Iii
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Effectiveness Of Urban Shelter In Place Iii written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
In the event of a toxic chemical release to the atmosphere, shelter-in-place (SIP) is an emergency response option available to protect public health. This paper is the last in a three-part series that examines the effectiveness of SIP at reducing adverse health effects in communities. We model a hypothetical chemical release in an urban area, and consider SIP effectiveness in protecting occupants of commercial buildings. Building air infiltration rates are predicted from empirical data using an existing model. We consider the distribution of building air infiltration rates both with mechanical ventilation systems turned off and with the systems operating. We also consider the effects of chemical sorption to indoor surfaces and nonlinear chemical dose-response relationships. We find that commercial buildings provide effective shelter when ventilation systems are off, but that any delay in turning off ventilation systems can greatly reduce SIP effectiveness. Using a two-zone model, we find that there can be substantial benefit by taking shelter in the inner parts of a building that do not experience direct air exchange with the outdoors. Air infiltration rates vary substantially among buildings and this variation is important in quantifying effectiveness for emergency response. Community-wide health metrics, introduced in the previous papers in this series, can be applied in pre-event planning and to guide real-time emergency response.
Effectiveness Of Urban Shelter In Place Ii
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Effectiveness Of Urban Shelter In Place Ii written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
In the event of a short-term, large-scale toxic chemical release to the atmosphere, shelter-in-place (SIP) may be used as an emergency response to protect public health. We modeled hypothetical releases using realistic, empirical parameters to explore how key factors influence SIP effectiveness for single-family dwellings in a residential district. Four classes of factors were evaluated in this case-study: (a) time scales associated with release duration, SIP implementation delay, and SIP termination; (b) building air-exchange rates, including air infiltration and ventilation; (c) the degree of sorption of toxic chemicals to indoor surfaces; and (d) the shape of the dose-response relationship for acute adverse health effects. Houses with lower air leakage are more effective shelters, and thus variability in the air leakage of dwellings is associated with varying degrees of SIP protection in a community. Sorption on indoor surfaces improves SIP effectiveness by lowering the peak indoor concentrations and reducing the amount of contamination in the indoor air. Nonlinear dose-response relationships imply substantial reduction in adverse health effects from lowering the peak exposure concentration. However, if the scenario is unfavorable for sheltering (e.g. sheltering in leaky houses for protection against a nonsorbing chemical with a linear dose-response), the community must implement SIP without delay and exit from shelter when it first becomes safe to do so. Otherwise, the community can be subjected to even greater risk than if they did not take shelter indoors.
Effectiveness Of Urban Shelter In Place Ii
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Author : Wanyu Rengie Chan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Effectiveness Of Urban Shelter In Place Ii written by Wanyu Rengie Chan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
Large Scale Evacuation
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Author : Michael K. Lindell
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2018-12-07
Large Scale Evacuation written by Michael K. Lindell and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-12-07 with Political Science categories.
Large-Scale Evacuation introduces the reader to the steps involved in evacuation modelling for towns and cities, from understanding the hazards that can require large-scale evacuations, through understanding how local officials decide to issue evacuation advisories and households decide whether to comply, to transportation simulation and traffic management strategies. The author team has been recognized internationally for their research and consulting experience in the field of evacuations. Collectively, they have 125 years of experience in evacuation, including more than 140 projects for federal and state agencies. The text explains how to model evacuations that use the road transportation network by combining perspectives from social scientists and transportation engineers, fields that have commonly approached evacuation modelling from distinctly different perspectives. In doing so, it offers a step-by-step guide through the key questions needed to model an evacuation and its impacts to the evacuation route system as well as evacuation management strategies for influencing demand and expanding capacity. The authors also demonstrate how to simulate the resulting traffic and evacuation management strategies that can be used to facilitate evacuee movement and reduce unnecessary demand. Case studies, which identify key points to analyze in an evacuation plan, discuss evacuation termination and re-entry, and highlight challenges that someone developing an evacuation plan or model should expect, are also included. This textbook will be of interest to researchers, practitioners, and advanced students.
Safety Reliability And Risk Analysis
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Author : Sebastian Martorell
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2008-09-10
Safety Reliability And Risk Analysis written by Sebastian Martorell and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-09-10 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Safety, Reliability and Risk Analysis. Theory, Methods and Applications contains the papers presented at the joint ESREL (European Safety and Reliability) and SRA-Europe (Society for Risk Analysis Europe) Conference (Valencia, Spain, 22-25 September 2008). The book covers a wide range of topics, including: Accident and Incident Investigation; Crisi
Analysis Of Sheltering And Evacuation Strategies For An Urban Nuclear Detonation Scenario
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Analysis Of Sheltering And Evacuation Strategies For An Urban Nuclear Detonation Scenario written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
Development of an effective strategy for shelter and evacuation is among the most important planning tasks in preparation for response to a low yield, nuclear detonation in an urban area. This study examines shelter-evacuate policies and effectiveness focusing on a 10 kt scenario in Los Angeles. The goal is to provide technical insights that can support development of urban response plans. Results indicate that extended shelter-in-place can offer the most robust protection when high quality shelter exists. Where less effective shelter is available and the fallout radiation intensity level is high, informed evacuation at the appropriate time can substantially reduce the overall dose to personnel. However, uncertainties in the characteristics of the fallout region and in the exit route can make evacuation a risky strategy. Analyses indicate that only a relatively small fraction of the total urban population may experience significant dose reduction benefits from even a well-informed evacuation plan.
Financing Urban Shelter
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Author : Un-Habitat
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2013-06-17
Financing Urban Shelter written by Un-Habitat and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-17 with Architecture categories.
'Achieving the goals set by world leaders in the United Nations Millennium Declaration will be difficult without a significant improvement in the lives of slum dwellers, and the lives of slum dwellers cannot be improved without the sound and sustainable economic development that is conducive to the establishment of a strong shelter sector. As Financing Urban Shelter: Global Report on Human Settlements 2005 emphasizes, one of the key challenges in meeting the Millennium Declaration Goal on slums is mobilization of the financial resources necessary for both slum upgrading and slum prevention by supplying new housing affordable to lower income groups on a large scale. . . . It is my hope that, by highlighting the impacts of current shelter financing systems on low-income households and by identifying the types of financing mechanisms that appear to have worked for them, this report will contribute to the efforts of the wide range of actors involved in improving the lives of slum dwellers, including governments at the central and local levels, as well as non-governmental and international organizations.' From the Foreword by KOFI ANNAN, Secretary-General, United Nations Financing Urban Shelter presents the first global assessment of housing finance systems, placing shelter and urban development challenges within the overall context of macroeconomic policies. The report describes and analyses housing finance conditions and trends in all regions of the world, including formal housing finance mechanisms, microfinance and community funding, highlighting their relevance to the upgrading of slums. Recent shelter finance policy development is discussed at the international and national levels, and the directions that could be taken to strengthen shelter finance systems are examined. The Global Report on Human Settlements is the most authoritative and up-to-date assessment of conditions and trends in the world's cities. It is an essential tool and reference for researchers, academics, public authorities and civil society organizations around the world. The preceding issues of the Global Report on Human Settlements have addressed such topics as An Urbanizing World, Cities in a Globalizing World and The Challenge of Slums. Published with UN-HABITAT
Financing Urban Shelter
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: UN-HABITAT
Release Date : 2005
Financing Urban Shelter written by and has been published by UN-HABITAT this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.
Analysis Of Sheltering And Evacuation Strategies For An Urban Nuclear Detonation Scenario
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Author : Larry D. Brandt
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Analysis Of Sheltering And Evacuation Strategies For An Urban Nuclear Detonation Scenario written by Larry D. Brandt and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
Development of an effective strategy for shelter and evacuation is among the most important planning tasks in preparation for response to a low yield, nuclear detonation in an urban area. This study examines shelter-evacuate policies and effectiveness focusing on a 10 kt scenario in Los Angeles. The goal is to provide technical insights that can support development of urban response plans. Results indicate that extended shelter-in-place can offer the most robust protection when high quality shelter exists. Where less effective shelter is available and the fallout radiation intensity level is high, informed evacuation at the appropriate time can substantially reduce the overall dose to personnel. However, uncertainties in the characteristics of the fallout region and in the exit route can make evacuation a risky strategy. Analyses indicate that only a relatively small fraction of the total urban population may experience significant dose reduction benefits from even a well-informed evacuation plan.
The Salt Ii Treaty
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Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1979
The Salt Ii Treaty written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1979 with Arms control categories.