Electrochemical Reduction Of Protons And Organic Molecules In Hydrogen Technologies
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Electrochemical Reduction Of Protons And Organic Molecules In Hydrogen Technologies
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Author : Hamid Ghorbani Shiraz
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Electrochemical Reduction Of Protons And Organic Molecules In Hydrogen Technologies written by Hamid Ghorbani Shiraz and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
In accordance with preventable actions to mitigate the effect of climate change in the modern societal applications, renewable energy is an unavoidable and decisive factor in the energy industry. The energy sources that offer non-depleted and environment-friendly pathways for the energy sector are in focus. Amongst, hydrogen has been defined as one of the best candidates to meet the criteria such as high energy-content and zero-emission of CO2, and of course, renewability. In this work, we focused on the areas of hydrogen generation and hydrogen storage.??In the first part, we employed an inorganic electrocatalyst (nanosheets) to drive the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), where we proved that the overpotential of few millivolts (0.016 V) is enough to run the HER reaction. We studied the effect of interlayer gap (for the nanosheets) on the catalytic performance. The chemical intercalation showed a huge effect for the suppression of the HER, which could be applicable for the devices like batteries the formation of any gaseous species has detrimental effect on the performance. It should not be left unmentioned that the measurements were carried out in a platinum group metal free (PGM-free) system, where graphite felt were used as a counter electrode, to avoid any platinum contamination. Next, we investigated the effect of oxygen poisoning on both pristine electrocatalyst and intercalated one. The XPS and UPS measurements confirmed the formation of oxygen-containing groups on the electrocatalysts. Electrochemical measurements showed the increase of the overpotential toward HER as the electrocatalysts are exposed to air for longer time. However, study of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) showed that there is an optimum concentration of oxygenic functional groups that can lead to a high current density of HOR process. The study of exchange current density showed that, after 10 days of exposure of electrocatalyst to atmospheric air, pristine sample possesses the best performance toward HER and intercalated one shows the highest performance for the HOR. ??In the other section, hydrogen storage for the organic redox-active molecule (dissolved in organic solvent) was studied. One of the main problems in hydrogen economy concept, is the storage of the hydrogen for transportation. The new concept of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) offers a low-cost and safe approach to this challenge. Herein, we demonstrated an electrochemical pathway to hydrogenate the organic system via conversion of proton of a proton donor into a covalent-bonded hydrogen, through a proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction of 2nH+ + 2ne ̄ + Rox nH2Rred. Here, we studied the 9-fluorenone/fluorenol (Fnone/Fnol) as a model PCET reaction. The electrochemical activation of starting component of (Fnone), through two successive electron transfers was investigated with in-situ and operando spectroscopies purely, and in presence of different proton donors of different reactivity. We succeed to both quantify and qualify the investigated the reaction. The hydrogen release step was demonstrated chemically with the aid of catalyst. ??To conclude, we employed a PGM-free system to demonstrate and characterize a high performing electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. Surprisingly, HOR was revealed to perform well using the oxygen poisoned electrocatalyst for HER. In the other section of this work, an electrochemical assisted synthesis of LOHC, in the lab-scale, was proved. A PCET pathway was conceptualized with mechanistic insight. Our work opens new avenue for the technology of hydrogenation of LOHC as we showed for the first time that this could be realized by electrochemistry without the need of hydrogen gas as a prerequisite. We believe that in the future both works could contribute slightly to the concept of the hydrogen economy.
Production Of Clean Hydrogen By Electrochemical Reforming Of Oxygenated Organic Compounds
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Author : Claude Lamy
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2019-11-27
Production Of Clean Hydrogen By Electrochemical Reforming Of Oxygenated Organic Compounds written by Claude Lamy and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-11-27 with Science categories.
Production of Clean Hydrogen by Electrochemical Reforming of Oxygenated Organic Compounds provides a comprehensive overview of the thermodynamics and experimental results that allow the decomposition process of organic compounds leading to hydrogen to be carried out at working cell voltages much lower than those encountered in water electrolysis. The authors review different methods of synthesis and characterization of the catalysts needed to activate the electro-oxidation reaction and describe different electrolysis experiments that produce hydrogen in a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell (PEMEC). Other sections investigate the effect of the nature of the reactive molecules, the nature and structure of the catalysts, and more. By exploring the link between organic oxidation/conversion to hydrogen production, this book fills a gap in the existing literature and provides researchers in the field with an authoritative and comprehensive reference they can use when developing new sustainable processes and systems for hydrogen production. Explores, in detail, the decomposition process of organic compounds leading to hydrogen Presents foundational information, practical insights and pathways for future work in the development of proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell systems Includes results, experimental data and interpretations using different organic compounds, such as methanol, formic acid, ethanol, glycerol and biomass
Sustainable And Green Electrochemical Science And Technology
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Author : Keith Scott
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2017-07-24
Sustainable And Green Electrochemical Science And Technology written by Keith Scott and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-24 with Science categories.
Sustainable and Green Electrochemical Science and Technology brings together the basic concepts of electrochemical science and engineering and shows how these are applied in an industrial context, emphasising the major role that electrochemistry plays within society and industry in providing cleaner, greener and more sustainable technologies. Electrochemistry has many applications for sustainability; it can be used to store energy, synthesise materials and chemicals, to generate power and to recycle valuable resources. Coverage includes Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis and Thermodynamics Electrochemical Cells, Materials and Reactors Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Electro-Organic Synthesis Hydrogen production and Water Electrolysis Inorganic Synthesis Electrochemical Energy Storage and Power Sources Electrochemical processes for recycling and resource recovery Fuel Cell Technologies This book is targeted at both industrial and academic readers, providing a good technological reference base for electrochemistry. It will enable the reader to build on basic principles of electrochemistry, and takes these through to cell design for various and diverse applications.
Electrochemical Hydrogen Technologies
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Author : Hartmut Wendt
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Publishing Company
Release Date : 1990
Electrochemical Hydrogen Technologies written by Hartmut Wendt and has been published by Elsevier Publishing Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990 with Science categories.
The focus of this book is on electrochemical hydrogen technologies and fuel cell technologies in particular. Precipitated by the energy crisis in 1973, intensive work has been done world-wide on hydrogen technologies. Water electrolysis was the main objective. The steady increase of combustion of fossil fuels, with the ensuing CO 2 content in the environment, has led to a greater need to change the use of energy conversion and consumption. Hydrogen, based on nuclear and renewable energies, could become indispensable for energy storage and long range transport. Only electrolysis allows the conversion of electrical energy into hydrogen with high efficiency. Prior to the introduction of non-polluting but very expensive methods for energy harvesting and conversion, it is first necessary to ascertain how to save energy and to refurbish energy conversion systems to obtain the highest efficiencies with the lowest CO 2 emissions, e.g. in large scale electricity generation.Collected here in 7 chapters are the contributions of internationally known electrochemical engineers who work actively in this rapidly developing field. The relevant work reviewed extends from fundamental findings in the field of technical electrocatalysis of hydrogen and oxygen reactions to water electrolysis, chlor-alkali electrolysis (which is still practically the most important process for electrolytic hydrogen generation), thermochemical hybrid cycles and on finally to fuel cells. The latter in their advanced form of heavy, high-temperature cells promise to become the basis for highly efficient electric power plants for converting the chemical energy of fossil fuels, or hydrogen from fossil combustibles like methane, or coal into electricity with system efficiencies greater than 55%.The material presented in this volume should prove of immense value to electrochemical engineers, producers of electrolyzers and fuel cells, electrical engineers and political/technical decision makers. It will also be of use to academic teachers lecturing on electrochemistry and advanced technologies.
Hydrogen Electrochemical Production
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Author : Christophe Coutanceau
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2017-09-07
Hydrogen Electrochemical Production written by Christophe Coutanceau and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-07 with Science categories.
Hydrogen Electrochemical Production presents different avenues of hydrogen production for energy applications, including current developments and future perspectives, using an interdisciplinary approach. Part of the Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cell Primers series, the volume synthesizes information from many sources, making it a useful reference for industry professionals, researchers and graduate students. The book examines various methods, explaining their advantages and limitations. The water electrolysis reaction and systems are explored from different points of view, including an assessment of state-of-the-art technologies. Alternatives to water for feeding the electrolysis cell anode and for electrochemical hydrogen production (such as alcohol or other compounds from biomass) are discussed. Explores current technology developments and future perspectives of hydrogen production for energy applications Examines the state-of-the art technology in electrolysis reaction and systems and discusses the advantages and limitations of various methods Covers alternatives to water for feeding electrolysis cell anode, including alcohol and other compounds from biomass
Electrochemical Analysis Of New Materials For Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
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Author : Leah Katherine Rubin Shen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Electrochemical Analysis Of New Materials For Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells written by Leah Katherine Rubin Shen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Chapter 1: An Overview of Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Research Needs Proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are a promising technology for sustainable energy, having the potential to replace vehicle combustion engines and enable grid-level storage of intermittent renewable energy sources. However, PEM fuel cells are currently fueled by hydrogen, which is difficult to store, transport, and distribute efficiently and safely. They also require precious metal catalysts for both hydrogen oxidation at the anode and oxygen reduction at the cathode. In particular, the platinum cathode catalyst reduces oxygen at a large overpotential, leading to lower overall cell voltage due to kinetic losses. Widespread adoption of PEM fuel cells is therefore limited by both the difficulties of hydrogen storage and distribution and the expense of the catalysts used. To mitigate these difficulties, new materials for hydrogen storage and oxygen reduction catalysis are needed. This first part of this work explores the use of nitrogen heterocycles for “virtual” hydrogen storage. A virtual hydrogen storage system uses a liquid organic carrier that is electrochemically dehydrogenated to produce protons and electrons separately, allowing the compound to behave like hydrogen in the fuel cell environment. The second part of this work studies small molecule oxygen reduction catalysts using first-row transition metals. These catalysts could be an inexpensive alternative to platinum, but must be anchored within the fuel cell in order to work optimally. The catalysts studied herein were thus additionally designed to be covalently attached to an electrode surface. Chapter 2: Electro-Dehydrogenation of Indoline: Direct Oxidation at the Electrode and Redox Catalysis Indoline was chosen as a model for studying virtual hydrogen storage feasibility. The direct electrode reactivity of indoline favors a dimerization pathway. However, in the presence of excess base, either an electrochemical-chemical (EC) or chemical-electrochemical (CE) pathway is favored, depending on the strength of the base. The use of redox mediators in conjunction with base lowers the reaction voltage by 250 mV (ferrocene) or 750 mV (decamethylferrocene). Bulk electrolysis studies with ferrocene and imidazole demonstrate 25-35% indole formation, with no dependence on catalyst concentration. However, bulk electrolysis in the presence of decamethylferrocene and 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine produces up to 50% dehydrogenation to indole at 0.13 V vs. NHE, with more indole formation at higher catalyst concentrations. Chapter 3: Electrochemical Analysis of a Fully Hydrogenated Carbazole as a Virtual Hydrogen Storage Compound An electrochemical study of N-ethyldodecahydrocarbazole (NEC-H12), a compound that stores 5.7% hydrogen by weight, is presented. This first study of a fully hydrogenated nitrogen heterocycle indicates that the direct electrode oxidation of NEC-H12 involves a slow electron transfer step with a rate-competitive follow-up reaction. Addition of a strong base, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine, increases the oxidative current up to five-fold. Effective redox catalysis with ferrocene is also demonstrated, lowering the voltage for NEC-H12 oxidation by nearly 0.4 V. Finally, while bulk electrolysis studies of NEC-H12 mostly result in an intractable mixture of products, use of a platinum electrode in dichloromethane results in substantial dehydrogenation, with a pathway that likely goes through N-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole. Chapter 4: Oxygen Reduction Catalysis by First-Row Transition Metal Corrole Complexes Oxygen reduction catalysis is demonstrated with copper, cobalt, and iron corrole complexes. Of these, cobalt(III) and iron(III) complexes of 5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-10-(4-methoxyphenyl)corrole demonstrate good activity for oxygen reduction in solution-phase studies (acidic acetonitrile) and in surface studies using rotating ring-disk voltammetry (aqueous sulfuric acid). The cobalt(III) complex favors two-electron reduction to hydrogen peroxide while the iron(III) complex favors four-electron reduction to water, both of which are consistent with previous literature reports. Chapter 5: “Clickable” Propargyl- and Azido-Modified Metallocorrole Complexes: Biscorrole Characterization and Covalent Attachment Electrochemical characterization of “click”-functionalized metallocorrole complexes is presented. Voltammetric studies indicate that addition of “click” functionality to the periphery of the corrole ligand does not affect the redox processes at the metal center, validating the previous study of related complexes for oxygen reduction catalysis. Huisgen azide-alkyne cycloaddition of propargyl- and azide-functionalized metallocorroles results in copper-copper and copper-iron biscorrole complexes, which display electronic independence of the metal centers. Finally, preliminary studies of covalent attachment of copper(III) 5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-10-(4-propargyloxyphenyl)corrole to an azide-functionalized electrode surface are reported. Conclusions and Future Outlook: This work describes studies to improve hydrogen storage technologies and oxygen reduction catalysis for PEM fuel cells. Future work recommended in the area of virtual hydrogen storage includes: further elucidation and optimization of electrochemical dehydrogenation pathways, development of catalysts capable of performing proton-electron dehydrogenation, electrochemical study of other nitrogen heterocycles and other hydrogen-carrying fuels such as alcohols, and development of new membrane technologies that can support new fuel types. In the area of “clickable” catalysts, future work includes optimization of surface attachment and comparison of catalysis for covalently-bound vs. physisorbed catalysts. More broadly, this enables the development and study of other click-functionalized metallocorrole complexes with applications in medical imaging, drug delivery, or environmental sensing.
Electrochemical Science For A Sustainable Society
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Author : Kohei Uosaki
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-06-15
Electrochemical Science For A Sustainable Society written by Kohei Uosaki and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-06-15 with Science categories.
This book honors Professor. John O’M. Bockris, presenting authoritative reviews on some of the subjects to which he made significant contributions – i.e., electrocatalysis, fuel cells, electrochemical theory, electrochemistry of single crystals, in situ techniques, rechargeable batteries, passivity, and solar-fuels – and revealing the roles of electrochemical science and technology in achieving a sustainable society. Electrochemistry has long been an object of study and is now growing in importance, not only because of its fundamental scientific interest but also because of the central role it is expected to play in a future sustainable society. Professor John O’M. Bockris contributed greatly to various aspects of fundamental and applied electrochemistry – such as the structure of the double layer, kinetics and mechanism of the electrochemistry of hydrogen and oxygen, electrocatalysis, adsorption and electrochemical oxidation of small organic molecules, fuel cells, electrocrystallization, theoretical electrochemistry, new methods, photoelectrochemistry, bioelectrochemistry, corrosion and passivity, hydrogen in metals, ionic solutions and ionic liquids, and molten silicates and glasses, as well as socio-economic issues such as the hydrogen economy – for over half a century from 1945 until his retirement in 1997.
Carbon Dioxide Electrochemistry
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Author : Marc Robert
language : en
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Release Date : 2020-10-14
Carbon Dioxide Electrochemistry written by Marc Robert and has been published by Royal Society of Chemistry this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-10-14 with Science categories.
Conversion of light and electricity to chemicals is an important component of a sustainable energy system. The exponential growth in renewable energy generation implies that there will be strong market pull for chemical energy storage technology in the near future, and here carbon dioxide utilization must play a central role. The electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide is key in achieving these goals. Carbon Dioxide Electrochemistry showcases different advances in the field, and bridges the two worlds of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis that are often perceived as in competition in research. Chapters cover homogeneous and heterogeneous electrochemical reduction of CO2, nanostructures for CO2 reduction, hybrid systems for CO2 conversion, electrochemical reactors, theoretical approaches to catalytic reduction of CO2, and photoelectrodes for electrochemical conversion. With internationally well-known editors and authors, this book will appeal to graduate students and researchers in energy, catalysis, chemical engineering and chemistry who work on carbon dioxide.
Solar Hydrogen Production
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Author : Francesco Calise
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2019-08-15
Solar Hydrogen Production written by Francesco Calise and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-08-15 with Science categories.
Solar Hydrogen Production: Processes, Systems and Technologies presents the most recent developments in solar-driven hydrogen generation methods. The book covers different hydrogen production routes, from renewable sources, to solar harvesting technologies. Sections focus on solar energy, presenting the main thermal and electrical technologies suitable for possible integration into solar-based hydrogen production systems and present a thorough examination of solar hydrogen technologies, ranging from solar-driven water electrolysis and solar thermal methods, to photo-catalytic and biological processes. All hydrogen-based technologies are covered, including data regarding the state-of-the art of each process in terms of costs, efficiency, measured parameters, experimental analyses, and demonstration projects. In the last part of the book, the role of hydrogen in the integration of renewable sources in electric grids, transportation sector, and end-user applications is assessed, considering their current status and future perspectives. The book includes performance data, tables, models and references to available standards. It is thus a key-resource for engineering researchers and scientists, in both academic and industrial contexts, involved in designing, planning and developing solar hydrogen systems. Offers a comprehensive overview of conventional and advanced solar hydrogen technologies, including simulation models, cost figures, R&D projects, demonstration projects, test standards, and safety and handling issues Encompasses, in a single volume, information on solar energy and hydrogen systems Includes detailed economic data on each technology for feasibility assessment of different systems
Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage In Organic Molecules
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Author : Frederic Buttler
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage In Organic Molecules written by Frederic Buttler and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.