Environmental Health And Traditional Fuel Use In Guatemala
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Environmental Health And Traditional Fuel Use In Guatemala
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Author : Kulsum Ahmed
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2005-01-01
Environmental Health And Traditional Fuel Use In Guatemala written by Kulsum Ahmed and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-01-01 with Medical categories.
There is a growing recognition of the harmful effects of indoor air pollution on health, with recent WHO estimates indicating that indoor smoke from solid fuels causes 1.6 million deaths annually and accounts for 2.7 percent of the global burden of disease. This publication examines the adverse health impacts of indoor air pollution, particularly on children, from fuel use in Guatemala, where the vast majority of poor, rural households use fuelwood as the dominant cooking fuel. It draws on case studies of improved stove programmes to highlight the problem and to explore technical mitigation measures and policy options to improve accessibility to cleaner fuels.
Factors Determining Household Fuel Choice In Guatemala
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Author : Rasmus Heltberg
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Factors Determining Household Fuel Choice In Guatemala written by Rasmus Heltberg and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
This paper discusses the factors guiding household choices of cooking fuels. This is crucial for policies to combat indoor air pollution. Household income is an important, but not the only, factor. Opportunity costs of firewood also play an essential role. Empirical results are based on the 2000 Guatemalan LSMS survey, which includes a detailed section on energy use. Patterns of fuel use, energy spending, Engel curves, multiple fuels, the extent of fuel switching, and the determinants of fuel choice are analyzed.It is common in Guatemala to use multiple fuels for cooking: 48 and 27 percent of urban and rural households do so. Modern fuels are often used alongside traditional solid fuels; modern fuels thus fail to displace solid fuels in many cases, particular in rural areas and the urban bottom half. This is paradoxical since a significant share of firewood users buy wood from the market, incurring costs that are substantial, also in comparison with the costs of modern fuels.
Environmental Health And Child Survival
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Author : World Bank
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2008-06-16
Environmental Health And Child Survival written by World Bank and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-06-16 with Science categories.
Each year, millions of children in developing countries fall sick and die from diseases caused by polluted air, contaminated water and soil, and poor hygiene behavior. Repeated infectious also contribute to malnutrition in children, and subsequently impacts future learning and productivity. This book analyzes the linkages between malnutrition and environmental health, and assesses the burden of disease on young children, and its economic costs.
Environmental Priorities And Poverty Reduction
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Author : Ernesto Sánchez Triana
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2007-01-01
Environmental Priorities And Poverty Reduction written by Ernesto Sánchez Triana and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-01-01 with Business & Economics categories.
Environmental degradation is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and decreased productivity. Urban and indoor air pollution; inadequate water supply, sanitation, and hygiene; natural disasters (mainly floods and landslides); and land degradation are the environmental problems associated with the highest social and economic costs, falling most heavily on vulnerable people, especially poor children under five years old. This book begins by exploring institutional change and environmental priorities in Colombia over the past 50 years, a time of substantial progress in environmental protection and rapid transition from a largely rural to a highly urbanised economy. Part 2 assesses the burden of disease rooted in inadequate water supply, sanitation, and hygiene; poor air quality; and natural disasters; and the environmental management practices to reduce that burden. A discussion of the environmental costs of rapid and unplanned urbanisation is also included. Part 3 assesses the sustainable management of Colombia's rich endowment of natural resources.
The Stove Adoption Process
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Author : Ilse Ruiz Mercado
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
The Stove Adoption Process written by Ilse Ruiz Mercado and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
The exposure to the toxic products of the incomplete combustion of wood, charcoal, crop residues and dung used as cooking and heating fuels kills 1.6 million people every year. This leading environmental health risk also accounts for about one-third of the global human-caused black carbon emissions. Stove technologies that vent smoke to the outside of a house and have verified improved combustion efficiencies have been identified as a solution to the household air pollution problem. However, a persistent barrier to success has been the lack of systematic and proven ways to ensure that households continue using the stoves in the long-term and reduce their open fire practices. Over thirty-five years of experience with cookstove dissemination have demonstrated that providing access to the stoves is necessary but not sufficient: people need to accept bringing the stoves into the home (initial acceptance), use them on a the long-term basis (sustained use), incorporate them into their cooking practices, reduce their open-fire use, and importantly, the devices must maintain their performance through time. These seemingly obvious requirements imply that objective metrics need to be developed for these system parameters and ways found to optimize them. The optimization requires better understanding of the cooking technology-behavior interface and an integrative systems perspective to analyze the socio-cultural, economic, ecological and infrastructural factors that regulate the performance of cookstove programs. This dissertation presents a framework of analysis to characterize stove adoption and it introduces the field methods, signal analysis, metrics and visualization tools to quantify the adoption process using low-cost temperature dataloggers as Stove Use Monitors (SUMs). The SUMs enable the parameterization of stove usage behavior as a critical stove performance parameter that can be objectively measured, unobtrusively monitored and systematically evaluated together with the reductions in air pollution exposures, fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Data from two biomass chimney-stove case studies are presented: the Guatemala CRECER-RESPIRE stove trial and the Mexico Patsari Stove Project. In the first two chapters I review the main approaches to study the stove adoption process. I propose a new framework that redefines the emphasis previously placed solely on the stove technology, extending it to include the whole cooking system, thereby including the dynamic complex interactions between stoves, fuels and household behavior with the greater socioeconomic and ecological contexts. I argue that at the household level the innovation being introduced is not only the stove technology, but a set of modified or new cooking practices. When a new stove is brought into the home, the interactions between the user and the previous cooking fuels and devices are redefined. Each fuel-device combination creates its own niche and is used for the cooking tasks where it best fits the needs of the user ("the adoption niche"). This adoption process commonly leads to the combined use (or "stacking") of new and traditional stoves and fuels and to the redistribution of the cooking tasks that are performed with each device. Drawing from field data and well-documented experiences at the two study sites I find that at the population level the adoption process has three stages: initial adoption, sustained use, and disadoption. Further, I find that the process can be characterized by the following critical parameters: level of acceptance, level of initial use, level of sustained use, time for stabilization, and magnitude of the seasonal fluctuations. In the third chapter I introduce the concept of Stove Use Monitors (SUMs), devices that objectively quantify stove use through direct measurements of physical or chemical parameters on stoves, cookware or food. Using Thermochron iButton temperature dataloggers as SUMs I recorded the initial adoption and sustained use by 82 households in the Guatemala CRECER stove trial. During the 32 months of the study, I recorded stove temperature signals from a total of 31,112 stove-days, with a 10% data loss rate. I present the protocols for sensor placement, data collection and data management specific to these sensors. I implemented a peak detection algorithm based on the instantaneous derivatives and the statistical long-term behavior of the stove and the ambient temperature signals to count the number of daily meals and determine daily usage. The fraction of days in use from all stoves and days monitored in a period (the "percent stove-days") and other key quantitative metrics are defined and their population-averaged behavior and statistical variability are modeled. Using robust Poisson regression models I detected small (3-12%) but statistically significant seasonal variations in the population level of use, while the age of the stove and household size at baseline did not produce statistically significant variations. Usage was highest during the warm-dry period from February to April, with 92% stove-days (95% CI: 87%, 97%) and 2.56 daily meals (95% CI: 2.40, 2.74); and it was lower during the warm-rainy season of May to November and the cold-dry season of November to February. The high levels of sustained use found reflect optimal conditions for stove adoption in the CRECER trial. The narrow confidence intervals highlight the precision and accuracy of the SUMs to detect the small seasonal fluctuations. Modeling the variability with a random effects model I find an intraclass correlation coefficient of 76%, confirming the stability of daily use behavior within households, whereas the main sources of variance are found between homes. In the fourth chapter I study the critical role of behavior in the adoption process and in the delivery of benefits from cookstoves. I focus on the patterns of stove stacking found in the RESPIRE and CRECER studies. Using graphic representations for hierarchical clustering analysis ("heat maps"), I identify groups of households that had similar combined stove-fire use behavioral patterns ("stove stacking clusters"). Despite the high levels of stove use measured with the SUMs, fifty-percent of the households reported continued use of an open fire. The preparation of animal feed was the task most commonly performed with the fire (46% of the households) followed by the boiling of corn kernels to prepare tortillas (nixtamal, 25%), space heating (13%), boiling water (11%) and preparing food for the family (11%). The stratification of the SUMs-measured stove use was strongly driven by the preferences of the households for using the stove or the fire for specific tasks. Clusters that performed a larger number of tasks with the fire had lower stove usage. This explains why the between-household differences in the SUMs-measured stove use in the regression models could not be accounted for by the fixed characteristics of the households. Chapter five presents an integrated discussion and the concluding remarks of the dissertation. I conclude that when the energy end-uses of the open fires extend beyond cooking, cookstoves become imperfect substitutes for all fire tasks. Therefore, in addition to monitoring cookstove use it is crucial to include the residual use of traditional fires in the assessment of the impacts brought by the sustained use of new a cookstove. I describe current research efforts in the development of monitoring tools for stove adoption and discuss the need for open source platforms to scale up stove use monitoring and to merge fuel consumption, air pollution and emissions data with stove use parameters. The Stove Use Monitors can herald a new era of research to elucidate the behavioral determinants of stove usage and cookfire prevalence, which had not been possible previously at larger scales due to a lack of objective measurements. It is equally critical to develop analytical frameworks and quantitative monitoring tools to identify the distinct behaviors affecting each of the stages of the stove adoption process and to understand the role of other behaviors that influence the exposure to household air pollutants, such as the time-activity and time-location patterns of the household members, kitchen ventilation, fuel preparation, stove operation and stove maintenance practices.
Strategic Environmental Assessment For Policies
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Author : Kulsum Ahmed
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2008-04-30
Strategic Environmental Assessment For Policies written by Kulsum Ahmed and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-04-30 with Business & Economics categories.
Environmentally and socially sustainable policies are essential for good governance. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is the key tool for integrating environmental considerations into policies, programs and plans. This book focuses on SEA applied to policies. Through lessons learned from previous use of SEA on policies, it draws lessons on the strengths and weaknesses of current SEA methodology. It then goes on to analyze how policies are formulated and implemented and proposes a new conceptual framework for conducting SEA of policies thatpotentially could be more useful in influencing decision makers to integrate environmental sustainability considerations into policy formulation and implementation.
Household Energy Access For Cooking And Heating
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Author : Koffi EkouevI
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2012-07-23
Household Energy Access For Cooking And Heating written by Koffi EkouevI and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-07-23 with Business & Economics categories.
This paper is a review of the World Bank s financed operations and selected interventions by other institutions on household energy access in an attempt to examine success and failure factors to inform the new generation of upcoming interventions
One Goal Two Paths
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Author : The World Bank
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2011-09-14
One Goal Two Paths written by The World Bank and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-09-14 with Business & Economics categories.
Despite the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region's impressive economic growth, over 1 billion of its people still lack access to electricity and modern cooking solutions. To achieve universal access to modern energy by 2030, this book exhorts EAP countries to advance simultaneously on two paths: (1) accelerate programs for grid and off-grid electricity through appropriate policies and innovative technologies; and (2) scale up access to clean cooking fuels and efficient cooking stoves, particularly for biomass in poor rural areas.
African Perspectives On Poverty Indigenous Knowledge Systems And Innovation
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Author : Oliver Mtapuri
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-11-15
African Perspectives On Poverty Indigenous Knowledge Systems And Innovation written by Oliver Mtapuri and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-11-15 with Social Science categories.
This book examines the connections between poverty and innovation in Africa. Through case studies and theorizations from a distinctly African perspective, it stands in contrast to current theoretical works in the field, which remain very much rooted in Western-orientated thinking. The book investigates the application of methodologies which explain numerous African contexts in connection with issues of poverty and inequality. It reflects on comparative practices and praxes on the African continent, including commonplace traditions and practices in alleviating poverty, taken against a background of the failure of current prescriptions for poverty alleviation, such as the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP). There is a dire need for new practical perspectives which move Africa forward using its indigenous knowledge. Owing to a general lack of recorded African theories and methodologies on poverty, inequality and innovation, this book represents a pioneering corpus of African knowledge addressing poverty and inequality through local innovations. Adopting a transdisciplinary approach, it is relevant to students and scholars in development studies and economics, African studies, social studies, political history and political economy, climate studies, anthropology and geography.
Environmental Sustainability
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Author : World Bank
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2008-08-29
Environmental Sustainability written by World Bank and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-08-29 with Political Science categories.
This evaluation assesses the Bank Group's support for environmental sustainability in both the public and private sectors over the past 15 years. It identifies several crucial constraints that need to be addressed, perhaps most importantly insufficient government commitment to environmental goals and weak institutional capacity to deal with them. But constraints within the Bank Group, including insufficient attention to longer-term sustainable development, must be reduced as well. The Bank Group needs improved systems in place across the World Bank, IFC, and MIGA to monitor environmental outcomes and to assess impacts. Better coordination among the three parts of the Bank Group is also among the key challenges.