Essays In Urban Economics And Local Labor Markets
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Essays In Urban Economics And Local Labor Markets
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Author : Adam W. Perdue
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Essays In Urban Economics And Local Labor Markets written by Adam W. Perdue and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Economics categories.
Abstract: This dissertation consists of two essays exploring the often noted dispersion of economic activity within cities. Focusing in particular on the phenomenon of polycentricity, these essays explore the relationship between employment centers and spatial and economic outcomes of cities. The first essay explores the implications of two common proposed criteria for identifying an employment center. Does the area represent a local concentration of employment? Does the area affect the local population density of the city? Using data on both place of employment and place of residence, I propose a new method for testing the relationship between concentrations of employment and population density within a metropolitan area. First a recently developed statistical method is used to identify concentrations of employment using data on place of employment. Second, I propose two methods for estimating the extent of the radius of influence for an employment center, using the relationship between tract of employment and tract of residence. Third, I propose a new specification for the entrance of distance into the polycentric regression. This new specification allows the impacts of the concentrations of employments on density to be positive, following the theoretical hypothesis. I use this new specification to jointly estimate the local gradients of 21 identified concentrations of employment in the Houston metropolitan area on their local population density. I find that not all identified employment concentrations have the expected significant positive gradients, and thus do not qualify as employment centers. I also find that the estimated gradients are sensitive to estimates for the radius of influence for each employment concentration, and that the level of employment in an employment concentration, alone, is not a strong predictor of significant local impact on population density or on the size of the estimated gradient. The second essay tests for the theoretically predicted relationships between the number of employment centers in a city, and the city's transport costs and wages. Urban area vehicle miles travelled rise with an increase in the number of employment centers in an urban area, while commute times are unaffected. These findings contradict the common hypothesis that additional employment centers lower transport costs by allowing workers to live closer to work. Instead, it appears that if transport costs are falling they do so through a fall in per unit distance price. I find that urban area average wages fall with an increase in the number of employment centers. I also find that average wages increase as a larger share of employment locates within employment centers. These two findings support the belief in the presence of agglomeration economies within employment centers that increases in concentration. In a competitive equilibrium the formation of additional employment centers have externalities in both the costs and benefits, thus it is not clear if the efficient number of employment centers will be formed within an urban area. This is explored through an investigation of the determinants of the share of urban area employment that locates in employment centers. I find that the predicted employment share maximizing number of employment centers increases with urban area size.
Essays In Urban And Labor Economics
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Author : Daniel Ringo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Essays In Urban And Labor Economics written by Daniel Ringo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with College attendance categories.
"This dissertation contributes to two literatures: Urban Economics and Labor Economics. In the first chapter I estimate the effect of home ownership on individual workers' unemployment and wage growth, as well as other labor market outcomes. Because of higher moving costs, home owners will be less willing than renters to relocate for work and could therefore face longer unemployment spells. To elaborate on this hypothesis, credited to Oswald (1996), I build a simple search model and obtain a set of labor market predictions to test. The current microeconomic literature has reached mixed results regarding home ownership's impact, with most studies concluding that home ownership reduces unemployment. I show that the instruments used are likely to be invalid because of, among other reasons, Tiebout (1956) type sorting into housing markets. I use an instrumental variable free of the endogeneity present in other work: the county level home ownership rate when and where the worker grew up. This IV affects workers' preferences for housing but not, conditional on my covariates, their labor market ability. My results indicate that home ownership is a significant hindrance to mobility, and homeowners suffer longer unemployment spells and slower wage growth because of it. In the second chapter I use a dynamic model of neighborhood choice to estimate household preferences over the demographic characteristics of a neighborhood. I focus on the racial mix, average income and housing price level of a neighborhood, and whether households prefer neighbors that are similar to themselves. Identification of these preferences is complicated by the social aspect of neighborhood amenities. A household's valuation of a particular choice (neighborhood) is a function of the choices other households in the market have made and will make in the future. I show that demographic characteristics of a neighborhood are therefore endogenous to neighborhood quality. Standard estimates of preferences over neighbors may be biased by the presence of such unobservable local amenities. I develop a framework to correct this problem based on a careful delineation of the information households could have access to before and after they make their decisions. The model I build has the advantage over the literature of being able to produce self-consistent predictions about demographic changes. I deal with the low frequency of observations in my data set, the decennial census, by simulating local housing markets between data collection periods. After controlling for type-specific preferences for the physical amenities of neighborhoods, I find a universal preference for higher income neighbors. In contrast to much of the literature, my results suggest white households have no aversion to minority neighbors. In the third chapter I estimate the effect of parental credit scores on the child's probability of attending and completing college. Parents in the US are increasingly supplementing the student loans available to their children with unsecured debt in their own name. This is the first paper on this topic to make use of direct observations of credit scores, rather than rely on proxies such as wealth shocks. I find that good parental credit significantly improves the child's probability of attending college, with a smaller (although still significant) effect on the probability of completing a four-year degree. I provide evidence that the estimated relationship is causal and not biased by, for example, unobserved ability. Additionally, I show that credit scores may affect attendance through channels other than access to the student loan market. I hypothesize households substitute the potential to borrow for precautionary savings"--Pages iii-iv.
Three Essays On Labor And Urban Economics
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Author : Mark Johnson Lewis
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Three Essays On Labor And Urban Economics written by Mark Johnson Lewis and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with categories.
This thesis consists of three unrelated essays in the fields of labor and urban economics. The first essay exploits the creation of a formal college system in Quebec in the late 1960's as a quasi-experiment to estimate the value of community college. Focusing on the effect of the policy on English-speaking Quebecois, the creation of the CEGEPs (Colleges of General and Vocational Education) is shown to increase schooling by about a third of a year for both men and women, without diverting students from university. Despite increasing educational attainment, estimates of the impact of CEGEP on wages are negative. Analysis suggests the negative estimates can be understood as a combination of lost labor market experience, a decrease in the return to university, and an insignificant return to CEGEP. The results are robust to the inclusion of controls and across years of data. Possible interpretations of the results are discussed. The second essay, co-authored with William Wheaton, examines the relationship between labor market agglomeration and wages. Using the 5% public use micro sample of the 1990 U.S. census, we find that observationally equivalent workers in the manufacturing sector earn higher wages when they are in urban labor markets that have a larger share of national or metropolitan employment in their same occupation and industry groups. Quantitatively, the effect is large, with an elasticity (measured at the means) of between 1.2 and 3.6 for these effects. We interpret the willingness of firms to pay more for equivalent workers in dense markets as evidence of an agglomeration economy in urban labor. The third chapter estimates the effect of employment dispersion on average commute times in American cities. Using a sample of over two hundred cities, I find that residents of cities where employment is more geographically disperse have lower average commute times than residents of cities where employment is more centralized. The results are robust to the inclusion of city fixed effects. An instrumental variables strategy is employed to try to account for potential simultaneity between changes in employment dispersion and changes in commute times.
Essays On Local Labor Markets
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Author : Federica Daniele
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Essays On Local Labor Markets written by Federica Daniele and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
This thesis is composed of three essays in which I analyze how heterogeneity in productivity, either on the worker or on the firm side, interacts with the size of local labor markets and a set of outcomes of interest. In the first chapter, I analyze how the presence of firm-level uncertainty affects consumers and cities. I provide evidence supporting entrepreneurial risk-seeking in the non-tradable sector and that this has the strongest consequences for competition in large cities. I show how a reduction in uncertainty dampened entry and competition, and reduced the attractiveness of consumer cities. In the second chapter, I analyze the role of large firms for local labor market volatility. I provide empirical and narrative evidence supporting the existence of granularity- driven business cycles. I discuss the im-portance of size-dependent policies with respect to the systemic risk externality imposed by large firms on the economy. In the third chapter, I analyze how indi-vidual specialization shapes the urban wage premium. I investigate to what extent changes in specialization have accounted for the divergence in US workers loca-tion choices. I show that the evolution of specialization can explain the increase in between-cities wage inequality for high-skilled workers, while it counteracted the increase in the average skill premium.
Four Essays On The Social Structure Of Urban Labor Markets
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Author : Theodore Dirk Mouw
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999
Four Essays On The Social Structure Of Urban Labor Markets written by Theodore Dirk Mouw and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with categories.
Essays In Urban And Regional Economics
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Author : Jiajun Lu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Essays In Urban And Regional Economics written by Jiajun Lu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Chapter 1 examines the economic consequences of expanding housing supply in productive urban cities and analyzes how residential sorting plays a role in forming a new market equilibrium. Using the newly released 2013-2017 American Community Survey data, I construct an economic model system that includes the models characterizing household residential location choices and their simultaneous spatial interactions with local labor markets, housing markets, and urban amenities across geographical areas in California. I find that, in an open economy with agglomeration effects, the positive residential sorting largely undoes what the housing legislation aims to achieve and reduces the quality of urban amenities in productive cities. Chapter 2 documents the relationship between climate amenities and locational choices in retirement. Using data from 2017 release of the American Community Survey, I construct a household residential location choice model and value climate amenities from the trade-offs among housing cost, climate amenities, and other locational attributes in a metropolitan statistical area (MSA). The results show that values of climate amenities vary with household demographic characteristics, and older households with a higher retirement income and disability have a higher marginal willingness to pay for a favorable climate. Using projected climate data, I find that over 2% of retired households would relocate in response to this level of climate change. Chapter 3 investigates how the residential real estate market, the second-largest asset market, in the U.S. has been fundamentally changed by the advent of online real estate websites. Using data on over 50,000 completed transactions obtained from Zillow, we first look at how the availability of the Zestimate influences both listing and sales prices. The factors influencing the listing realtor's decision to hold an open house are examined, as is the role such an open house has on the sales price and sales timing. Empirical results suggest that Zestimates play an important and complex role in driving the sales process and that holding an initial open house substantially increases sales price and decreases time on the market.
Taxes Public Goods And Urban Economics
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Author : Peter M. Mieszkowski
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 1999
Taxes Public Goods And Urban Economics written by Peter M. Mieszkowski and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Business & Economics categories.
The 27 articles reprinted in this volume are among Peter Mieszkowski's most important contributions to public, urban and regional economics. Several of these pieces concern income distribution theory and policies for promoting equality in wages, housing and education. The first part of this book includes studies of labour markets, tax incidence and the distributive effects of trade unions and wage subsidies. Two important conclusions presented in these papers concern the local property tax: it is a tax on capital and it results in under-provision of local public goods. The second and third parts of the book address, respectively, the decentralization of cities and and tax reform. Issues discussed include: racial discrimination in housing markets, the design of land use regulation, the negative income tax, consumption taxes, and tax reform in transition countries, particularly Eastern European countries. These outstanding essays bring together, in an accessible form, the work of one of the most important scholars in the field of public finance and urban economics.
Handbook Of Regional And Urban Economics
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Author : Peter Nijkamp
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 1986
Handbook Of Regional And Urban Economics written by Peter Nijkamp and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1986 with Business & Economics categories.
Fifteen essays in this handbook are divided into four parts. Part I surveys basic spatial and spatially related research; Part II surveys literature on specific urban markets; Part III is devoted to studies of urban development and problems in developing countries.; Part IV contains papers on specific urban problems and sectors.
A Companion To Urban Economics
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Author : Richard J. Arnott
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2008-04-15
A Companion To Urban Economics written by Richard J. Arnott and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-04-15 with Business & Economics categories.
A Companion to Urban Economics provides a state-of-the-artoverview of this field, communicating its intellectual richnessthrough a diverse portfolio of authors and topics. Unique in both its rigor and international treatment An ideal supplementary textbook in upper-level undergraduateurban economics courses, or in master's level and professionalcourses, providing students with the necessary foundation to tacklemore advanced topics in urban economics Contains contributions from the world’s leading urbaneconomists
An Essay On Urban Economic Theory
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Author : Yorgos Y. Papageorgiou
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
An Essay On Urban Economic Theory written by Yorgos Y. Papageorgiou and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Business & Economics categories.
Over the past thirty years, urban economic theory has been one of the most active areas of urban and regional economic research. Just as static general equilibrium theory is at the core of modern microeconomics, so is the topic of this book - the static allocation of resources within a city and between cities - at the core of urban economic theory. An Essay on Urban Economic Theory well reflects the state of the field. Part I provides an elegant, coherent, and rigorous presentation of several variants of the monocentric (city) model - as the centerpiece of urban economic theory - treating equilibrium, optimum, and comparative statistics. Part II explores less familiar and even some uncharted territory. The monocentric model looks at a single city in isolation, taking as given a central business district surrounded by residences. Part II, in contrast, makes the intra-urban location of residential and non-residential activity the outcome of the fundamental tradeoff between the propensity to interact and the aversion to crowding; the resulting pattern of agglomeration may be polycentric. Part II also develops models of an urbanized economy with trade between specialized cities and examines how the market-determined size distribution of cities differs from the optimum. This book launches a new series, Advances in Urban and Regional Economics. The series aims to provide an outlet for longer scholarly works dealing with topics in urban and regional economics.