Essays On Agricultural Productivity And The Impact Of Food Price Change On Welfare In Africa
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Essays On Agricultural Productivity And The Impact Of Food Price Change On Welfare In Africa
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Author : Manzamasso Hodjo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Essays On Agricultural Productivity And The Impact Of Food Price Change On Welfare In Africa written by Manzamasso Hodjo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Africa is the most food-insecure continent in the world, according to the World Bank and the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. While low purchasing power is the main cause of food insecurity, inefficient domestic food production is also a major constraint. Our study specifically focused on four food production issues in Africa, namely, agricultural productivity, cropland use, food demand and welfare analysis, and demand-led crop breeding. First, we assessed the impact of public spending on agricultural productivity in Africa. We estimated the effect of two government-spending measures: Agriculture Budget Share (BS) and Research Share of Agricultural GDP (RS) on agriculture total factor productivity growth (TFPG). We used a panel fixed-effect estimator to control for the country-specific characteristics of twenty-eight African economies from 1991-2012. Although North African economies appeared to have the highest TFPG, this did not translate into the highest agricultural and research budget share. Meanwhile, Central African economies exhibited the lowest BS and RS, along with the lowest TFPG of the continent. The panel fixed-effect estimator revealed a marginal impact of 6.77% for RS on TFPG after seven years. However, the cumulative marginal impact of BS on TFPG is estimated at 7.21% over the eight years that follow the budget increment. Our findings suggest that a BS of 14% and a RS of 15% are required for a country to double its TFPG in the eight following years. Therefore, additional, and continuous investment in research and development is required for a significant productivity enhancement, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Second, we assessed the factors that shape cereal cropland allocation decisions in Nigeria and Niger. We theoretically derived the key cropland allocation arguments using the household model. Next, we used the World Bank LSMS-ISA data to map acreage mean centers and fit a fractional regression model using the panel fixed-effect estimator. We assessed the traditional Mendelsohn land use model and uncovered its limitation in efficiently approximating cereal cropland allocation. We improved the appropriateness of fit of the traditional Mendelsohn model by controlling for additional factors, such as food prices, socio-demographics, and food trade factors. Overall, we found cereal acreage shares in Nigeria and Niger to be spatially heterogeneous and determined by climatic, price, and trade factors. Additionally, farmers tend to base their cropland allocation decisions upon the price of the most important staples: maize in Nigeria; millet and sorghum in Niger. Furthermore, due to their tolerance to heat and drought, sorghum and millet compete for northeast farmland in both countries, especially for rainfed croplands. Thus, our study illustrates that millet and sorghum are key choices in ensuring food security in the context of global warming and rainfall instability. Our findings fill a literature void and provide policy makers with evidence to foster geo-referenced farmer cooperatives aimed at enhancing food production. Furthermore, our findings could be incorporated into a land use framework for planning, environmental monitoring, scenario analysis, and impact assessment. The third essay analyzed the staple foods consumption patterns of households in Niger by estimating a complete demand system. Demand elasticities are estimated using the Niger 2011 and 2014 LSMS-ISA household survey data to fit the modified Linear AIDS model. The results indicated that food consumption patterns in the country are affected by income and prices, as well as by socio-economic and geographic factors. All food items have positive expenditure elasticities and negative own-price elasticities, with rice exhibiting the most elastic demand. We found millet to be a necessity while rice and sorghum are luxuries. Additionally, our analysis revealed that urban households had a more diversified staple demand pattern. Furthermore, the welfare analysis revealed that an increase of millet price reduces rural welfare more than an increase in sorghum price. On the other hand, a sorghum price increase adversely affects the welfare of urban households the most. For example, a 20% increase of the millet or sorghum price reduces the average household welfare by 5.88% and 4.38%, respectively. This study highlights the importance of estimating staple food demand elasticities for both research and policymaking during a food price shocks. Our findings revealed that millet price is the canal that might foster support programs targeting the poorest households in Niger. Our fourth and last essay is a theoretical argument for demand-led breeding in a small-scaled farming system. Our investigation stems from the fact that agricultural productivity lags in small-scaled farming in Sub-Saharan Africa. While inadequate production capital, water control and poor infrastructure remain important challenges, the low adoption of improved and high-yielding varieties is a key limiting factor for productivity enhancement. Often, studies elucidating improved technology implementation are focused upon the adoption (demand) rather than the creation (supply). In this analytical essay, we reviewed theoretical causes and solutions to low varietal uptake for sorghum. Consistent with much of the structural research framework, we presented asymmetric information, bounded rationality, and weak intellectual property as key causes of seed market coordination failure. Leaning on the technology adoption under uncertainty model, we showed how market-induced uncertainty, compounded with other factors, reduces farmers' willingness to trade traditional seeds for improved ones. Furthermore, we used the matching theory, supported with a general equilibrium model, to show how consumer preference drives farm-level adoption. We argued that breeding programs can benefit from effective preference matching across the food value chain while leveraging on the growing demand-led breeding literature. Finally, we presented hypotheses that can be empirically used to assess stakeholders' weigh and ranking of varietal attributes across the food value chain.
Essays On Agricultural Productivity In Sub Saharan Africa
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Author : Aziza Kibonge
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Essays On Agricultural Productivity In Sub Saharan Africa written by Aziza Kibonge and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Agriculture categories.
Agriculture is the predominant sector in many of SSA (Sub-Saharan Africa) countries, capable of enhancing the economic development process while reducing poverty. However, the performance of this sector in SSA has been low compared to other developing countries, characterized by fluctuations over the decades. This study looks at the evolution of total factor productivity (TFP) growth rates, technical change and efficiency change in 41 countries in SSA, from 1960 to 2006. It also examines the potential role of institutions and political variables, climatic factors and water scarcity, as well as CO2 emissions from deforestation. The first chapter examines the association between agricultural productivity rates and institutions. The results show an annual growth in TFP of 0.6% with technical change playing a major role in determining TFP. Variables such as colonial heritage and years of independence are shown to contribute in explaining the gap in countries performance. The second chapter provides a better understanding of the role of climatic factors (precipitation, irrigation, drought and temperature) on total agricultural productivity rates. The effect of water is explicitly incorporated in productivity measurements using an indicator of drought developed from the standard precipitation index. Results suggest that agricultural productivity is sensitive to climate variability; Precipitation and temperature have a positive effect on agricultural production. Once drought and irrigation are accounted for, the gap in countries performance decreases and increases respectively. The third chapter is an attempt to "correct" TFP measurement in SSA's agriculture for CO2 produced as a result of land clearing needed in agriculture. The results suggest that (i) when CO2 is a joint output of the sector using an output distance function, TFP growth rates are higher as the same amount of inputs are used to produce two outputs instead of one; (ii) When CO2 emissions due to land clearing are treated as an input using a production function, it is effectively treated as a 'bad' output, and punishes the sector with lower TFP growth rates..
Essays On Agricultural Trade In Sub Saharan Africa
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Author : Obie Cannon Porteous
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Essays On Agricultural Trade In Sub Saharan Africa written by Obie Cannon Porteous and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
This dissertation consists of two essays on agricultural trade in sub-Saharan Africa. The 42 countries of continental sub-Saharan Africa include 21 of the 24 poorest countries in the world. Unlike industrialized countries where structural transformation and income growth have led to declines in the share of agriculture in overall output and consumption, nearly two-thirds of the labor force in sub-Saharan Africa still works in agriculture and nearly half of consumer expenditure is on food. Agricultural products are produced by tens of millions of farmers and consumed by hundreds of millions of consumers across Africa. In this dissertation, I show that the costs of trade between producers and consumers in different locations are very high, I explore the consequences of these high trade costs, and I evaluate the effects of a type of trade policy that has been used to insulate markets in particular countries from high and volatile prices elsewhere. My findings can be used to improve the design and understand the impact of infrastructure investment, trade liberalization, agricultural technology adoption, and price stabilization initiatives in Africa and elsewhere in the developing world. In the first chapter, I estimate and solve a dynamic model of agricultural storage and trade in sub-Saharan Africa using a new intra-national dataset of monthly prices and production of the 6 major staple grains from 2003 to 2013 and a new approach to identify cost parameters when trade and storage are unobserved. The model includes monthly storage in each of 230 large hub markets in all 42 countries of continental sub-Saharan Africa, monthly trade between them, as well as monthly trade with the world market through 30 ports. I find median intra-national trade costs over 5 times higher than elsewhere in the world along with significant extra costs for trade across borders and with the world market. I then simulate a counterfactual in which trade costs for staple grains are lowered to match an international benchmark. Lowering trade costs results in a 46% drop in the average food price index, a 42% loss of net agricultural revenues, and a welfare gain equivalent to 2.2% of GDP. I show that 86% of this welfare gain can be achieved by lowering trade costs through ports and along key links representing just 18% of the trade network, supporting a corridor-based approach for infrastructure investment and trade policy. In an extension, I find that the effects of agricultural technology adoption depend crucially on trade costs, with technology adoption increasing farmer incomes only when trade costs are low. Compared to my dynamic monthly model with storage, a static annual model of agricultural trade underestimates trade costs by 23% and welfare effects by 33% by failing to correctly identify when trade occurs. In the second chapter, I investigate the empirical effects of temporary export restrictions, which have been widely used by many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere in recent years in an attempt to stabilize domestic prices of staple grains. I use monthly, market-level price data from a 10-year period during which 13 short-term export bans on maize were implemented by 5 countries in East and Southern Africa. I find no statistically significant effect of export bans on the price gaps between pairs of affected cross-border markets. My results for price gaps match those from a simulation of the model developed in the first chapter in which export bans are not implemented. However, prices and price volatility in the implementing country are significantly higher during export ban periods in the data than in the model simulation with no bans. Export bans in the region are imperfectly enforced, divert trade into the informal sector, and appear to destabilize domestic markets rather than stabilizing them.
Three Essays On The Impact Of Agricultural Decisions In Africa
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Author : Thomas Taeksung Kim
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Three Essays On The Impact Of Agricultural Decisions In Africa written by Thomas Taeksung Kim and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with Agriculture categories.
I examine agricultural decisions in a developing country context, which cover the major part of life and industry in low-income countries. I question stylized facts about major agricultural activities, evaluate its economic benefit with more thorough econometric methodologies, and present new aspect of its effectiveness. The first paper discusses a possible ineffective farm output resulted from farm-level crop diversification. Using a farm-by-crop level dataset from four Southeastern African countries and exogenous variation from the temporal standard deviation of normalized differences in a vegetation index (NDVI), I find a possible non-positive contribution of farm-level crop diversification on crop output. Based on this observation, I introduce two motives for crop diversification as adding new crops in the crop portfolio: 1) farmers adopt new crops for which they have better crop-specific farmer ability, and 2) farmers adopt new crops with better response to agricultural shocks. Then, I check the model empirically and find that the newly added crops show insignificant response to the NDVI shocks but significantly worse crop-specific farmer ability, which implies the possible economic disadvantage of crop diversification. I further present supporting evidence of output drop due to crop diversification with a series of supplementary analyses. Lastly, I examine different newly adopted crop groups driving different diversification outcomes. Throughout the paper, I present empirical support for the possible output drop due to farm-level crop diversification. The risk of a large drop in crop-specific farmer ability calls for a careful approach of governments and agencies encouraging crop diversification as a risk coping strategy. In the second paper, I examine if living in a community with diverse food production is important for a diverse diet. This paper responds to the large literature suggesting a strong impact of farm-level food diversification on diet. I introduce a new source for diverse household diet, diverse food production at the community level. Using household fixed effects, a spatial autoregression model, and data from Ethiopia, I find a significantly positive association between community-level agricultural production diversity and household diet diversity, while the impact of farm-level crop production diversity is rather limited and reduces the diversity of purchased food consumption. I further examine the association by each food group and check if household consumption of each food group is affected by community- or farm-level production of the corresponding food group. I find a positive contribution of community and farm production on consuming the purchased and own-produced foods, respectively. I finally found that this impact of community production is strengthened by three channels that accelerate the local food circulation: presence of a community market; crop sales within a village; and gifting food behaviors. All the evidence points to the importance of community-level food production. With a loosely integrated market in Ethiopia, local agricultural production plays a significant role for household diet as much or more than farm-level crop diversification. The final paper examines the relationship between rural maize price and local maize yields in agriculture-centered developing countries. Most studies about staple price construction in the developing world focus on price transmission from outside countries or between major domestic markets. Instead, I focus on rural areas in four African countries and point to the significant role of local maize production in constructing the rural maize price. I first create various local maize yield measures by taking the median of all yields within different radii around each village. Then, I derive a trend of association between price and local yield as widening the radius of local yield. In addition, I examine if this estimated relationship varies with village characteristics: proportion of large size farmers; level of maize production; and distance to city, market, and road. I find a negative relationship between rural maize price and yields at the local level controlling for the village fixed effect and global maize price. This relationship becomes stronger in the villages with more smallholder farmers and poor accessibility to major market features. I detect an active rural maize market and find that the local production plays a significant role in constructing the maize price.
Essays On Consumer Welfare And New Food Product Development In West Africa
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Author : Tebila Nakelse
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Essays On Consumer Welfare And New Food Product Development In West Africa written by Tebila Nakelse and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Economic indicators (price, income, taste, and preference) and non-economic (information, time and equipment, food quality and safety) indicators are key elements of the food environment that need further investigation in developing countries. The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the effect of these factors on consumer behavior in West Africa, especially in Niger and Burkina Faso. The first essay analyzes the implications of world cereal price shocks on rural household welfare in Burkina Faso by establishing a link between farmers and world markets. The approach is grounded in agricultural household modelling with the world price for cereals, transmitted to farmers, through local producer and consumer prices. Household net welfare after a price shock is derived as a function of behavioral responses to local price change induced by the international price shock. The main result of this analysis is that the increase in prices during the period from 2006 to 2014 is translated to welfare improvement ranging from 0.02 percent for 2006 to 0.06 percent for 2011 for farmers in Burkina Faso. The second essay assesses urban consumers' preference for food quality attributes of value-added cereal products in Niamey, Niger. It combines qualitative and quantitative methods to evaluate the effect of quality attributes on consumers' food choice. A particular focus is placed on assessing consumers' marginal willingness-to-pay (WTP) for quality attributes in an experimental setting. The evaluation accounted for taste and preference heterogeneity inherent to consumers' responses to changes in quality attributes. The results suggest market demand inferred from significant marginal WTP for the nutritional quality attribute as measured by the expiration date, the presence of micronutrients, and the country of origin of the product. In addition, demand is found to be highly heterogeneous across consumers socio-demographic and economic characteristics. As a result, better communication and appropriate targeting by food processors and policymakers could be an additional tool to enhance food quality and diet through the market. Finally, the third essay theoretically and empirically assesses the impact of a time-saving food attribute on consumer's food choice in urban areas of Niger. The theoretical assessment relied on a ``Beckerian'' time allocation model to derive how a time-saving food product affects consumers' utility and food choice. The empirical approach combines hedonic tasting, random utility and a latent class framework to identify taste heterogeneity patterns underlying consumers' choice. Both the hedonic and latent class models confirm the theoretical prediction that a time-saving characteristic can either increase or decrease the demand for food that embodies the attributes. A significant market segment of about 38% includes consumers with a positive valuation of the time-saving product, highlighting the potential of this attribute to increase consumers welfare, reduce energy use and prevent food preparation-related health issues.
Essays On Agricultural Productivity Youth Employment And Human Capital Investment In Sub Saharan Africa
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Author : Josephat Koima
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Essays On Agricultural Productivity Youth Employment And Human Capital Investment In Sub Saharan Africa written by Josephat Koima and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with Electronic dissertations categories.
This dissertation focuses on the intersection of agricultural productivity, youth employment, and investments in human capital development in Sub–Saharan Africa (SSA). Agriculture is a dominant employer and source of income in SSA, and plays an important role in youth employment and educational attainments.In Chapter 1, we study the role of structural transformation in the labor reallocation between the farm and the non–farm sector and the consequential impact on worker demographics. Specifically, we investigate whether agricultural productivity differentially reallocates labor by age and gender. We develop a theoretical model where increased land productivity leads to younger individuals sorting into the non–farm sector while older individuals sort into agriculture. We then use data from Zambia in our empirical analysis. Our main results show some evidence of productivity affecting labor reallocation within recent productivity lags (last 2 years) but not when longer productivity lags (4 or 6) are considered. Specifically, consistent with our model prediction, a 10% increase in a 2–year lagged moving average of productivity decreases the probability of farming by 0.3 percentage points among youth (15–24) and older youth (25–34). We also show that youth (15–24) also exit farming following increased productivity. Increased productivity tends to reduce the intensity of farming across all age groups but the reduction is relatively larger among the youth. In addition, young men are more likely to exit business activity as productivity increases relative to young women – across all productivity lags. In the short term (2–lags), while youth exit farming, there is no differential outcome between genders. However, among older youth, males are more likely to exit farming compared to women. Finally, males mainly drive the reduction in intensity of farming. Overall, while we find some evidence in favor of our hypotheses, the evidence is generally limited to the short term and the marginal effects are quantitatively small.Chapter 2 investigates the impact of agricultural productivity on human capital investments in Tanzania. Agriculture remains a major source of employment and income in Tanzania. Therefore, any agricultural productivity shocks are likely to affect educational investment decisions. Our results provide evidence that increased agricultural productivity boosts spending on uniform, contributions and total academic expenses. We find positive but statistically non–significant effects of productivity on study times. In addition, we find no evidence of heterogeneous effects by student gender. We show evidence that productivity effects are smaller in female–headed households. Finally, we find some evidence that post–primary students experience larger impacts compared to primary school students.In Chapter 3, I investigate the impact of primary school electrification on academic outcomes in Kenya. Between 2014 and 2016, the number of primary schools with electricity rose from 56% to 94%. Schools near the grid network were connected to grid electricity while those further received solar photovoltaics. Using this rapid electrification expansion as a source of identifying variation in a panel fixed effects model, the paper estimates the impact on school test scores, enrollment, and completion. The paper also attempts to quantify the effects of lighting on education performance by relying on the off–grid (solar) electricity coefficients. Using a universe of 8th grade students in public schools in Kenya, the paper finds no evidence that electricity affects test scores or enrollment in the short run. However, off–grid electrification increases completion by 1%. Using off–grid estimates, the paper concludes that lighting has a small positive impact on completion but not on test scores or enrollment.
Efficiency Competition And Welfare In African Agricultural Markets
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Author : Lauren Falcao Bergquist
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Efficiency Competition And Welfare In African Agricultural Markets written by Lauren Falcao Bergquist and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
African agricultural markets are characterized by large variation in prices across regions and over the course of the season, suggesting poor market integration. This thesis explores the barriers that prevent various market actors from engaging in ecient arbitrage. Using exper- imental evidence and original survey data, I test for the existence of market failures that may limit integration and measure the ecacy of potential remedies to these market failures. In the first chapter, I quantify the degree of competition among the intermediates responsible for agricultural trade. In the second chapter, I explore whether entry by new intermediaries can enhance market competition. In the final chapter, Marshall Burke, Edward Miguel, and I test whether missing credit markets contribute to farmers' inability to arbitrage sea- sonal price fluctuations. Together, these three essays contribute to our understanding of agricultural market eciency, competition, and barriers to arbitrage. Each chapter employs experimental tests motivated by - and designed to speak directly to - economic theory. The first two chapters use randomized controlled trials to identify model parameters, while the third uses these trials to quantify general equilibrium effects and measure how such effects can shape the individual-level impacts of interventions. Methodologically, these essays exploit the clean causal identification generated by randomized controlled trials in new ways, in an attempt to shed light on the underlying organization of market institutions. The first chapter of this thesis estimates the level of competition among intermediaries in Kenyan agricultural markets. There has long been concern that the wedge between the low price farmers receive for their produce and the high price consumers pay for their food - and the resulting loss in producer and consumer welfare - are driven in part by imperfect competition among the intermediaries that connect them. However, there has been little definitive evidence on the market structure in which these intermediates are acting. A lack of record-keeping on the part of traders precludes accounting assessments of profits. Further, identifying clean cost shocks and tracing pass-through is made dicult by the ubiquitous nature of production and consumption of agricultural commodities, which drives co-movement in supply and demand. The first chapter overcomes these challenges by providing experimental estimates of pass- through and demand, key parameters governing the competitive environment of these markets. I identify these parameters using two randomized control trials that are tightly linked to a model of market competition. In the first experiment, I reduce the marginal costs of traders in randomly selected markets by offering to traders a subsidy per bag sold. I find that only 22% of this cost reduction is passed through to consumers. A second experiment offers randomized price discounts to consumers and measures corresponding quantities purchased in order to elicit the curvature of demand that traders face. I employ these estimates in a structural model of competition and optimal pricing to identify the level of competition among intermediaries. This exercise reveals a high degree of collusion among intermediaries, with large implied losses to consumer welfare and overall market efficiency. The second chapter explores the impact of one natural policy response to this low level of competition: greater firm entry. In order to identify the impact of firm entry on competition, I randomly incentivize the entry of new traders into markets. I find limited benefit for consumers, as prices decrease only 1% in response to entry by one new trader. By capturing the resulting effect on local market prices, I identify the implied change in the competitive environment due to entry. This is most consistent with a model in which entrants are able to readily enter into collusive agreements with incumbents, suggesting that market power is robust to entry in this context. The third chapter explores the barriers that limit arbitrage by farmers. Large and regular seasonal price fluctuations in local grain markets appear to offer African farmers substantial inter-temporal arbitrage opportunities, but these opportunities remain largely unexploited: small-scale farmers are commonly observed to "sell low and buy high" rather than the reverse. In a field experiment in Kenya, Marshall Burke, Edward Miguel, and I show that credit market imperfections limit farmers' abilities to move grain intertemporally, and that providing timely access to credit allows farmers to purchase at lower prices and sell at higher prices, increasing farm profits. To understand general equilibrium effects of these changes in behavior, we vary the density of loan offers across locations. We document significant effects of the credit intervention on seasonal price dispersion in local grain markets, and show that these general equilibrium effects strongly affect our individual level profitability estimates. In contrast to existing experimental work, our results indicate a setting in which microcredit can improve firm profitability, and suggest that general equilibrium effects can substantially shape estimates of microcredit's effectiveness. Taken together, these results suggest that considerable ineciencies exist in African agricultural markets. I find that agricultural traders in Kenya have considerable market power, and that marginal changes in market entry are unlikely to induce significant changes in competition. We further find that incomplete credit markets limit farmers' ability to arbitrage seasonal price fluctuations, and that the isolation of local markets reduces the sustainability of the financial products that may be necessary to encourage such arbitrage. These results have implications for the incidence of technological and infrastructure changes in African agriculture and for the policy responses aimed at improving the market environment.
Agricultural Input Subsidies
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Author : Ephraim Chirwa
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2013-09-26
Agricultural Input Subsidies written by Ephraim Chirwa and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-09-26 with Business & Economics categories.
This book takes forward our understanding of agricultural input subsidies in low income countries.
African Agriculture And The World Bank
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Author : Kjell J. Havnevik
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
African Agriculture And The World Bank written by Kjell J. Havnevik and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Business & Economics categories.
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The State Of Food And Agriculture 2000
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
Release Date : 2000
The State Of Food And Agriculture 2000 written by and has been published by Food & Agriculture Org. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Agricultural assistance categories.
The State of Food and Agriculture 2000 reports on current developments and issues of importance for world agriculture, analysing global agricultural trends as well as the broader economic environments surrounding the agricultural sector in a comprehensive world review ... An important feature of this year's issue is the special chapter, World food and agriculture: lessons from the past 50 years, which gives an overview of developments that have taken place in world agriculture and food security over the past half-century ... -- from Back Cover.