Essays On Household Formation And Income Inequality
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Essays On Household Formation And Income Inequality
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Author : Soohyung Lee
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Essays On Household Formation And Income Inequality written by Soohyung Lee and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
Economic Development The Family And Income Distribution
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Author : Simon Kuznets
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2002-09-12
Economic Development The Family And Income Distribution written by Simon Kuznets and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-09-12 with Business & Economics categories.
This is a collection of essays by Simon Kuznets, winner of the 1971 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, published posthumously. It represents the primary concerns of his research at a late phase of his career, as well as themes from his earlier work. The first four chapters deal with 'modern economic growth'. Chapters five to seven introduce the main theme of the remainder of the volume: interrelations between demographic change and income inequality. Chapters eight to ten draw on a wider set of data to make comparisons of income inequality among societies at widely different levels of development. Chapter eleven returns to data for the United States to develop more fully the importance of differing childbearing patterns for income inequality. In the introduction Professor Richard Easterlin discusses the relationship of the essays to the balance of Kuznets's writings. In the afterword Professor Robert Fogel discusses the methodologies favoured by Kuznets.
Essays On Entrepreneurship Income Inequality And Social Comparison
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Author : Justin Pepe
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Essays On Entrepreneurship Income Inequality And Social Comparison written by Justin Pepe and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with Business categories.
Rising income inequality, generally defined as the unequal dispersion of income between individuals or households, has been labeled one of the grandest challenges of our time and among the most pernicious threats to society. It has been linked to numerous institutional degradations, negative community externalities, and adverse individual outcomes. However, little-to-no research examines the potential psychological effects of income inequality on entrepreneurs, including how contextual variables shape these effects and impact entrepreneurs' propensities to launch new ventures.This dissertation addresses these gaps utilizing econometric, psychometric, and experimental methodologies in the following three ways. First, because local determinants of startup formation are becoming an increasingly important area of focus among entrepreneurship scholars, I examine the effects of income inequality and household median income levels on startup formation in U.S. counties. Second, using a nationally representative sample of nascent entrepreneurs in the U.S., I investigate the individual-level constructs that help to explain how or why income inequality influences individual-level entrepreneurial beliefs, actions, and results. I argue that economic inequality likely influences entrepreneurial expectancy (beliefs), entrepreneurial actions, and startup formation, but also suggest that these effects likely depend on the entrepreneurs' household income. Third, I probe another individual variable that might influence how entrepreneurs perceive and react to income inequality. Specifically, entrepreneurs vary in their social comparison orientation, which refers to their propensities to evaluate themselves in relation to others. The final essay uses an experimental methodology to examine the combined influences of income inequality, household income, and social comparison orientation on entrepreneurs' expectancy beliefs.
Essays On Family Demography Household Finance And Economics Of The Family
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Author : Fenaba Rena Addo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Essays On Family Demography Household Finance And Economics Of The Family written by Fenaba Rena Addo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
This dissertation examines the intersection of financial resources, family demography and economic wellbeing of American households at transitional periods in the life course. Changes in union formation, the demographic composition of the population, and family structure since the latter part of the twentieth century have challenged existing theories on household formation, individual decision-making, and economic well-being (Bumpass, 1990). With the increase in woman's labor force participation, the rise of cohabitation, pre-marital childbirth, and single-parent households, conventional models used to explain recent trends in marriage market dynamics, intra-household resource allocation, and wealth inequality are continuously tested, challenged, and revamped to keep pace with a society in a current state of demographic and economic flux. Chapter one focuses on early and young adulthood and the role of consumer and education loan debt in transitioning into coresidential relationships using a sample of youth coming of age at the turn of the twenty-first century and during a period of economic expansion, increased college enrollment and growing socioeconomic divide in marital patterns in the United States. Results suggest total debt amount is associated with cohabitation, increasing the odds of cohabitation over marriage and remaining single for both women and men. First marriage is positively associated with greater educational attainment for this cohort of young adults, but women with education loan debt are more likely to delay marrying and cohabit first. Chapter two (co-authored with Daniel T. Lichter) addresses the racial wealth gap by exploring the relationship between marriage and marital histories on wealth accumulation of older Black and White women. Marital and relationship histories are strongly associated with the wealth accumulation process. Women who marry and stay married accumulated levels of wealth that exceeded those of other women with disrupted family lives. The marriage-wealth nexus is sensitive to a women's position in the wealth distribution, and decomposition analyses highlight the non-trivial role of racial disparities in marital histories in accounting for the racial wealth gap. The third and final chapter uses seven waves of individual-level data from the Health and Retirement Survey from 1998-2008 to analyze whether there is a causal effect of being an informal basic needs or financial caregiver to an aging parent on one's health outcomes (self-assessed health and depression) and health behaviors (exercise and smoking). The results suggest a positive effect on depressive symptoms of basic needs caregiving for unmarried adult children, and that they may be selecting into that role because of their poor health. Manifestations of caregiving in future periods include, basic needs caregiving increasing the probability of smoking for married women and financial caregiving increases depressive symptoms for unmarried men. These findings suggest that the financial costs of caregiving can influence adult children's health outcomes, in particular for those not currently in a marital union. Bumpass, L. (1990) What's happening to the family? Interactions between demographic and institutional change. Demography. 27(4):483-498.
Nations And Households In Economic Growth
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Author : Moses Abramovitz
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1974
Nations And Households In Economic Growth written by Moses Abramovitz and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1974 with Business & Economics categories.
Nations and Households in Economic Growth.
Essays On Household Heterogeneity In Macroeconomics
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Author : Lukas Nord
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Essays On Household Heterogeneity In Macroeconomics written by Lukas Nord and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with Households categories.
This thesis contains four independent essays studying the consequences of household heterogeneity for Macroeconomics. The first chapter studies the implications of household heterogeneity for equilibrium prices. I break with the canonical assumptions of homothetic preferences and the law of one price to show how heterogeneity in consumption baskets and search for price bargains affects posted prices. Analytical results from search theory and empirical evidence from big data on households' grocery transactions show that price distributions respond to the composition of buyers. In a quantitative heterogeneous agent model with endogenous price dispersion for multiple varieties, I find that the response of retailers to households' search effort is quantitatively important to differentiate between inequality in expenditure and consumption. It more than doubles the direct effect of paying more or less given posted prices, which has been the focus of previous literature. Furthermore, I find that household heterogeneity helps to account for the empirical cyclicality of retail prices and markups in response to aggregate shocks, and has implications for the response of prices to redistributive policies. In the second chapter, which is joint work with Annika Bacher and Philipp Grübener, we show how households with two members can insure themselves against the job loss of a primary earner through the labor force entry of a nonparticipating spouse. We document empirically that this margin is predominantly used by young households. In a two-member life cycle model with endogenous arrival rates, human capital accumulation, and extensive-margin labor supply, we explore how differences in labor market opportunities and asset holdings contribute to this pattern. Our findings suggest that the age difference is predominantly explained by better insurance through asset holdings for the old, while differences in arrival rates and human capital play a smaller role. In the third chapter, which is joint work with Caterina Mendicino and Marcel Peruffo, we study differences in the exposure to bank distress along the income distribution. We develop a two-asset heterogeneous agent model with a financial sector and use this framework to show that banking sector losses disproportionately harm low-income households while rich households adjust their savings behavior to profit from fluctuations in asset prices. This is why welfare losses from bank distress are considerably more dispersed than consumption responses. We find the model-implied consumption responses to be in line with empirical evidence on the relationship between bank equity returns and consumption across households. In the forth chapter, I study how wealth holdings can affect households' incentives to form precise expectations about future inflation rates. I document empirically how the dispersion of expectations changes along the wealth distribution and develop a consumption-savings model with costly expectation formation to study implications for the effectiveness of forward guidance policies. I show endogenous expectation formation to significantly lower the effectiveness of forward guidance policies due to selection in which households are paying attention to news about inflation.
Inequality And Economic Policy
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Author : Tom Church (Research fellow)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Inequality And Economic Policy written by Tom Church (Research fellow) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Business & Economics categories.
Proceedings of the Conference on Inequality in Memory of Gary Becker held September 25-26, 2014 at the Hoover Institution.
Causes And Consequences Of Income Inequality
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Author : Ms.Era Dabla-Norris
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2015-06-15
Causes And Consequences Of Income Inequality written by Ms.Era Dabla-Norris and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-06-15 with Business & Economics categories.
This paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. The drivers of inequality vary widely amongst countries, with some common drivers being the skill premium associated with technical change and globalization, weakening protection for labor, and lack of financial inclusion in developing countries. We find that increasing the income share of the poor and the middle class actually increases growth while a rising income share of the top 20 percent results in lower growth—that is, when the rich get richer, benefits do not trickle down. This suggests that policies need to be country specific but should focus on raising the income share of the poor, and ensuring there is no hollowing out of the middle class. To tackle inequality, financial inclusion is imperative in emerging and developing countries while in advanced economies, policies should focus on raising human capital and skills and making tax systems more progressive.
Enduring Bonds
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Author : Philip N. Cohen
language : en
Publisher: Univ of California Press
Release Date : 2018-02-06
Enduring Bonds written by Philip N. Cohen and has been published by Univ of California Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-02-06 with Social Science categories.
In Enduring Bonds, Philip N. Cohen, renowned sociologist and blogger of the wildly popular and insightful Family Inequality, examines the complex landscape of today's diverse families. Through his interpretive lens and lively discussions, Cohen encourages us to alter our point of view on families, sharing new ideas about the future of marriage, the politics of research, and how data can either guide or mislead us. Deftly balancing personal stories and social science research, and accessibly written for students, Cohen shares essays that tie current events to demographic data. Class-tested in Cohen’s own lectures and courses, Enduring Bonds challenges students to think critically about the role of families, gender, and inequality in our society today.
Human Capital Economic Growth And Income Distribution Three Essays On Human Capital
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Author : Chang Gyu Kwag
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991
Human Capital Economic Growth And Income Distribution Three Essays On Human Capital written by Chang Gyu Kwag and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with categories.
Essay one is concerned with how and why an individual invests in human capital and how tax policy affects investment in human capital. We examine optimal investment in human capital and the effect of tax policy on human capital formation, and test several hypotheses derived from the theory using U.S. time-series data. Investment in human capital in terms of college enrollment rates is positively related to family income, rate of return to human capital, and unemployment rates, while it is negatively related to educational cost, and rate of return to physical capital. In addition, the average income tax rates show a negative effect on college enrollment rates. Essay two discusses human capital and economic growth. We first investigate the elasticities of substitution among inputs using the nested constant elasticity of substitution production function to focus on the so-called capital-skill complementarity hypothesis. We here compare two models: one is a model with human capital and raw labor, and the other is a model with higher skilled labor and lower skilled labor. In both models, the elasticities of substitution among inputs are very low, but the complementarity hypothesis is still weakly confirmed. Human capital turns out to be essential in achieving medium-term economic growth empirically. We also demonstrate the key role of human capital in the long-term steady state within the context of the endogenous growth model. Essay three considers the role of human capital on income distribution. Using the nested CES production function, we first derive factor shares, and then examine the relationship between functional and personal income distribution. An increase in share of labor income reduces overall income inequality, while an increase in share of transfer income has a negative effect on income distribution. Human capital, especially primary and secondary level of human capital stock, is a crucial factor in reducing income inequality. Finally, this study develops and presents new estimates of human capital stock in the United States, as well as annual earnings, and labor force by education level for the period 1947-1989. Data shows that the growth rate of GNP is very closely related to that of human capital stock. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.).