Essays On Labor And Family Economics In China
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Essays On Labor And Family Economics In China
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Author : Lei Lei
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Essays On Labor And Family Economics In China written by Lei Lei and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Four Essays On Labour Economics
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Author : Weiwei Ren
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Four Essays On Labour Economics written by Weiwei Ren and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
The thesis consists of four self-contained essays. Essay I, This paper examines the gender differential in the payoff to schooling in rural China. The analyses are based on a framework provided by the over education/required education/under education literature, and the decomposition developed by Chiswick and Miller (2008). It shows that the payoff to correctly matched education in rural China is much higher for females than for males. Associated with this, the wage penalty where workers are under qualified in their occupation is greater for females than for males. Both of these factors are linked to the higher payoff to schooling for females than for males. Over educated females, however, are advantaged compared with their male counterparts, though this has little effect on the differential in the payoff to schooling between males and females. These findings are interpreted using the explanations offered for the gender differential in the payoff to schooling in the growing literature on earnings determination in China. Essay II, Studies of the return to education in urban China have reported that this has increased over time, and that females typically have a higher return than males. In this paper we adopt a framework provided by the over education/required education/under education literature, and the decomposition developed by Chiswick and Miller (2008), to investigate the reasons for these findings. The finding by Chen and Hamori (2009), from analysis of data for 2004 and 2006, of the return to schooling for males exceeding that for females, is also examined using this decomposition. Essay III, This paper uses data from the 1993 wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey to explore the determinants of fertility in rural China. Using an ordered logit model, our analysis shows that measures of family planning including fines for above the quota children, subsidies for "one child" families, and the Hukou status of the "one child" have affected fertility. However, the influences of these factors differ among women with different household income. Our results show that, 15 years after the one child policy was enacted in 1979, family planning was not the unique factor underlying the fertility decline in China. Socio-economic factors such as education, marriage age and occupations of women have also affected fertility in rural China. Essay IV, Using the 1991-2009 waves of China Health and Nutrition Survey, we explore whether there is any evidence of gender gap in children health outcomes in rural China and then its determinants in different size of families, which is influenced by family planning policy to a very great extent in China. We find that the existence of gender gap in child health only in non-one-child households but not in one-child households. We further observe that sibling rivalry does not affect boys' health but worsens girls' health in non-one-child households. Our findings also show that the increase of household income and father s education can reduce the gender gap in child health to some extent. The degree of gender bias in child health is computed based on Oaxaca and Blinder decomposition model.
Essays In Labor Economics In The Chinese Context
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Author : Ling Zhong
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Essays In Labor Economics In The Chinese Context written by Ling Zhong and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Three Essays On Family Economic Issues In China
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Author : Yizhou Chen (Economist)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Three Essays On Family Economic Issues In China written by Yizhou Chen (Economist) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with China categories.
China has undergone a dramatic transformation in the past half century as its economy has experienced a high speed of growth, becoming a more competitive economic system. Along with these economic changes, family economic circumstances have evolved. This dissertation is comprised of three essays examining family economic issues in China, including marriage, maternal health, and maternal employment. The first essay is titled "An Economic Analysis of Marital Dissolution in China." This essay employs data from the 2014 wave of the China Family Panel Study survey, adopting a logit model as well as a Cox proportional hazard model to examine the factors important to marital dissolution in China, with a focus on the importance of individuals' occupations. Both models produce similar results concerning the factors that influence divorce probabilities in China. The results reveal that occupations are not important determinants of divorce for women but are important for men; in particular, men working in occupations that confer social status have a lower likelihood of divorce while men working in agriculture have a higher likelihood of divorce. The second essay is titled "Explaining the Decline in the Maternal Mortality Rate in China from 2002 to 2016." This essay uses a province-level fixed effects regression model to explain the recent trend in maternal mortality in China. The data are drawn from the National Bureau of Statistics of China, published in Statistical Yearbooks on Health, Population, Employment, Agriculture and Environment. The results reveal that a higher female illiteracy rate and a higher amount of pesticide usage are associated with a higher maternal mortality rate in China. However, factors related to modernization or improved female empowerment are associated with lower maternal mortality. The third essay is titled "The Impact of Child Health and Other Socio-Economic Factors on Maternal Employment in China". This study employs data from the 2016 wave of the China Family Panel Study survey on married and single mothers, and relies on an instrumental variable (IV) bivariate probit model with a set of instrumental variables (parental absence, ever breastfed, birthweight, and medical care expenses) for child health. The results show that child health is a statistically significant predictor of maternal employment for both married mothers and single mothers of infants as well as older preschool-aged children. Specifically, single and married mothers have higher employment probabilities if their children were recently sick.
Three Essays On E Commerce Development And Inequality In China
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Author : Yue Wang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Three Essays On E Commerce Development And Inequality In China written by Yue Wang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
This dissertations consists three essays on development issues in contemporary China. Two essays focus on the role of e-commerce in China's economic development and the third essay studies the latest trend of Chinese inequality. China has been the world's largest e-commerce market since 2013. E-commerce development in China has been fast but uneven with the rural and inland markets relatively left behind compared with city and coastal markets. Since 2014, the Chinese government has been supporting major e-commerce development in rural and remote areas. Chapter One studies the effect of the national-wide rural e-commerce program on rural residents' labor market outcomes. One likely consequence of the expansion of e-commerce is saving in time cost of shopping for people in remote villages. This paper analyzes the impact of this time saving on labor supply of men and women in rural China. I first uncover the heterogeneity of response in e-commerce use to the government program with a machine learning approach. Then to investigate the causal effect of e-commerce expansion, I exploit an interaction IV strategy making use of the roll-out time of the government program and heterogeneous response of online shopping to the program across distance and age structure, as supported by findings from the machine learning approach. My estimates suggest that e-commerce expansion increases weekly labor supply by 7 hours and the probability of working in the wage sector by 14 percentage points by relaxing the time budget constraint. The result is significant for both men and women, but in a gender differentiated manner. It shifts labor away from self-employed agriculture to the wage sector for men, and from working inside the home to outside the home for women. Chapter Two studies how local e-commerce development affect household consumption growth and its structure. By matching a nationally representative China Family Panel Studies survey with county-level e-commerce information obtained from Alibaba, this chapter examines how e-commerce development has shaped household consumption growth in China. The paper presents three major findings. First, e-commerce development is associated with higher consumption growth. Second, the relationship is stronger for the rural sample, inland regions, and poor households, suggesting that e-commerce development helps reduce spatial inequality in consumption. Third, the consumption of in-style goods and high-income elasticity goods has grown faster than the consumption of local services. Chapter Three investigates the long-term evolution and latest trend of Chinese inequality. The chapter argues that after a quarter century of sharp and sustained increase, Chinese inequality is now plateauing and, according to some measures, even declining. A number of papers have been harbingers of this conclusion, but this paper consolidates the literature indicating a turnaround, and provides empirical foundations for it. The argument is made using a range of data sources and a range of measures and perspectives on inequality. The evolution of inequality is further examined through decomposition by income source and population subgroup. Some preliminary explanations are provided for these trends in terms of shifts in policy and the structural transformation of the Chinese economy. We relate the turnaround to two classic phenomena in the development economics literature-the Lewis turning point and the Kuznets turning point. The plateauing is not yet a full blown decline, and there are short term variations. But the narrative on Chinese inequality now needs to accommodate the possibility of a turnaround in inequality, and to focus on the reasons for this turnaround.
Three Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : Xianqiang Zou
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Three Essays In Labor Economics written by Xianqiang Zou and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Essays On Labor Economics
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Author : Lu Liu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Essays On Labor Economics written by Lu Liu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
This dissertation contributes towards our understanding of Labor Economics and Applied Econometrics. It consists of three chapters. The first two chapters shed light on the determinants of female labor supply behavior by connecting theory to household-level data. The third chapter studies the nonlinear generalized method of moments (GMM) in dynamic panels and its application to value-added models of learning. In Chapter 1, I propose that the rising sex ratio (number of males per female) imbalance has been an important factor in the recent feminization of rural-to-urban migration in China. To establish this connection, I first develop a three-player noncooperative household model in which both the parents and the daughter contribute time or money to improve the well-being of sons. The local sex ratio can affect the players' choices via two channels: either by influencing the preference towards sons, or by imposing negative impact on sons' welfare due to intensified marriage market competition. My model predicts that daughters are more likely to participate in migratory work when the local sex ratio is higher. Drawing on data from Rural-Urban Migration in China Survey, I then test the hypothesis by comparing unmarried rural women with brothers and those without brothers when conditioning on family size. My identification strategy exploits the exogenous variation in the number of brothers a rural woman has that comes from the randomness in parental sibling structure. I show that an increase in the local sex ratio significantly raises the probability of becoming a migrant worker for unmarried rural women who have brothers, while no significant effect is observed among those without brothers. The positive link is stronger for rural women who have a larger number of brothers or whose brothers are relatively younger. I also discover that around 40% of the increase in rural female labor migration rate from 1990 to 2000 could be explained by the changes in the sex ratio. I further find evidence in favor of the marriage market pressure mechanism. Chapter 2 (joint work with Zhongda Li) examines the intergenerational determinants of women's labor force participation decision. Existing studies have established a positive correlation between a married woman's work behavior and her mother-in-law's. Such linkage is attributable to the profound influence of maternal employment on son's gender role preferences or household productivity. In this chapter we investigate the relative importance of the two potential mechanisms using the Chinese survey data. We show that a substantive part of the intergenerational correlation is left unexplained even if we control for the husband's gender role attitudes. Instead, we find that the husband's household productivity is more crucial in the wife's work decision, suggesting the dominance of the endowment channel over the preference channel. Chapter 3 develops a novel framework for constructing nonlinear moment conditions in dynamic panel data models. I demonstrate that the nonlinear GMM estimator considerably mitigates the classical weak identification problem arising from two data generating processes: (i) the autoregressive parameter is close to the unit circle; (ii) the ratio of variances of individual heterogeneity and idiosyncratic errors diverges to infinity. I further derive analytical expressions for the bias term of the linear and nonlinear GMM estimators, and show that the use of nonlinear moments results in smaller finite sample bias. In simulation studies, the nonlinear GMM estimator performs well compared to both the difference and system GMM estimators. As an empirical illustration, I estimate the effect of class size reduction and private school attendance on student academic achievement using a value-added model with learning dynamics.
Essays On The Chinese Labor Market
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Author : Yang Song
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Essays On The Chinese Labor Market written by Yang Song and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
This dissertation examines the central features of the current Chinese labor market, investigates the functioning of China's labor market by constructing a theoretical model, and conducts a comprehensive welfare economic analysis using the model to study welfare consequences of various labor market policies. The dissertation consists of six chapters. Following the introduction of Chapter 1, Chapter 2 reviews key features of the current Chinese labor market based on previous literature, including labor market segmentation, household registration system, wage evolution, employment structure, etc. However, previous studies have not provided a satisfactory answer about the extent of hukou-based labor market discrimination in firms with different ownerships. Chapter 3 fills in this gap by providing more convincing empirical evidence on this particular feature using a double-selectivity approach. The results show that state-owned enterprises (SOE) are much more discriminatory than private firms against rural-to-urban migrants who carry their rural hukou to cities. The SOE sector practices both wage and hiring discrimination against rural hukou holders. Based on these empirical results, Chapter 4 constructs a theoretical model for the current Chinese labor market. The model has two geographically distinct areas (urban and rural), three segmented economic sectors (SOE, private, and agriculture), and two types of workers distinguished by the hukou status (urban and rural hukou). The paper first formulates the model and obtains a closed form solution before modeling any policy interventions. Chapter 5 then works out the labor market and welfare consequences of three policy interventions which include promoting rural development, reducing the cost-of-living in urban areas for rural hukou holders, and offering some rural workers the chance to convert from rural to urban hukou status. The policy analysis includes small increases in each of these three areas, followed by the allocation of a specified development budget among these three alternative uses. It is shown that the rural development policy is unambiguously welfare-improving, while the other two policies have ambiguous effects on social welfare. Chapter 6 concludes.
Three Essays In Labor Economics A Study Of The Modern Urban Labor Market In China
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Author : Qian Sun
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Three Essays In Labor Economics A Study Of The Modern Urban Labor Market In China written by Qian Sun and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
"This thesis is composed of three studies that examine three different aspects of the modern urban labor market in China: State-owned Enterprises (SOE) wage premium, employment and labor mobility, and public-sector reforms. The first chapter studies the SOE wage premium in the period 1995-2013. It uses the latest data and methods to estimate the premium. Evidence suggests that SOE wage premium has diminished and become insignificant since late 1990s and estimates in previous research are biased. The second chapter studies the employment and mobility patterns in the period 2010-2014. Evidence reveals significant heterogeneity in employment and mobility outcomes between demographic and educational groups. The last chapter studies the economic consequences of counterfactual public-sector policies. It rationalizes the observed data pattern in a job search framework and quantifies the effects of counterfactual employment and wage policies in public sector on unemployment and labor income distribution in the urban areas. Simulation results suggest that changing public-sector employment rules has a smaller effect on unemployment than changing public-sector wage rules. " --
From Family To Market
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Author : Fei-Ling Wang
language : en
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Release Date : 1998
From Family To Market written by Fei-Ling Wang and has been published by Rowman & Littlefield this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Business & Economics categories.
Discusses the institutional framework and operation of four co-existing labour allocation patterns: the traditional family-based system, authoritarian state allocation, community-based labour markets, and the emerging national labour market.