Essays On The Determinants Of Worker Productivity And Labor Market Outcomes
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Essays On The Determinants Of Worker Productivity And Labor Market Outcomes
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Author : Melissa Christine LoPalo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Essays On The Determinants Of Worker Productivity And Labor Market Outcomes written by Melissa Christine LoPalo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
This dissertation examines determinants of worker productivity, labor market outcomes, and population health. The first chapter, previously published in the Journal of Public Economics, examines the impacts of cash assistance on refugee labor market outcomes. I exploit variation across states and over time in the generosity of cash assistance available to refugees upon arrival in the U.S. and study the impacts on wages and employment. I argue that cash assistance is randomly assigned to refugees conditional on characteristics such as education and country of origin, as refugee placement is decided by a committee that does not meet with the refugees or learn their preferences. I find that refugees resettled with more generous cash assistance go on to earn higher wages, with no significant change in the probability of employment. The effects are largest for highly-educated refugees. The second chapter examines the impact of temperature on the productivity and job performance of outdoor workers in developing countries. I overcome data challenges with studying individual-level productivity by studying household survey interviewers as workers. Using data from Demographic and Health Survey interviewers in 46 countries, I find that interviewers complete fewer interviews per hour worked on hot and humid days, driven by an increase in working hours. I also find evidence that suggests that workers allocate their effort towards tasks that are more easily observed by supervisors on hot days. The third chapter, previously published in Social Justice Research and co-authored with Diane Coffey and Dean Spears, examines the role of social inequality in population health outcomes in India, focusing on the case of casteism and child height in India. We describe evidence from the India Human Development Survey showing that children in villages with more strongly casteist attitudes are shorter on average, an association that is statistically explained by the association between casteism and the prevalence of open defecation
Essays On How Health And Education Affect The Labor Market Outcomes Of Workers
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Author : Sheryll Namingit
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Essays On How Health And Education Affect The Labor Market Outcomes Of Workers written by Sheryll Namingit and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
This dissertation consists of three essays on how health and education affect the labor market outcomes of workers. Health and education issues have been key determinants of labor demand and supply. In light of increasing incidence of health problems and the rapid growth of post-baccalaureate certificates in the US, this dissertation seeks to answer questions about labor market outcomes of workers with poor health history and with post-baccalaureate certificates. The first essay which I co-authored with Dr. William Blankenau and Dr. Benjamin Schwab uses a résumé-based correspondence test to compare the employment consequences of an illness-related employment gap to those of an unexplained employment gap. The results of the experiment show that while the callback rate of applicants with an illness-related employment gap is lower than that of the newly unemployed, applicants with illness-related employment gaps are 2.3 percentage points more likely to receive a callback than identical applicants who provide no explanation for the gap. Our research provides evidence that employers use information on employment gaps as additional signals about workers' unobserved productivity. Co-authored with Dr. Amanda Gaulke and Dr. Hugh Cassidy, the second essay tests how employers perceive the value of post-baccalaureate certificates using the same methodology in the first essay. We randomly assign a post-baccalaureate certificate credential to fictitious résumés and apply to real vacancy postings for managerial, administrative and accounting assistant positions on a large online job board. We find that post-baccalaureate certificates are 2.4 percentage points less likely to receive a callback than those without this credential. However, this result is driven by San Francisco, and there is no effect in Los Angeles or New York. By occupation, we also find that there is only significant negative effect in administrative assistant jobs, and there is none in managerial or accounting assistant jobs. A typographical error made in the résumés of certificate holders regarding the expected year of completion of the certificate may also contribute to negative effects of a certificate. Using NLSY79 data, the third essay tests whether the source of health insurance creates incentives for newly-diagnosed workers to remain sufficiently employed to maintain access to health insurance coverage. I compare labor supply responses to new diagnoses of workers dependent on their own employment for health insurance with the responses of workers who are dependent on their spouse's employer for health insurance coverage. I find that workers who depend on their own job for health insurance are 1.5-5.5 percentage points more likely to remain employed and for those employed, are 1.3-5.4 percentage points less likely to reduce their labor hours and are 2.1-6.1 percentage points more likely to remain full-time workers.
Essays On Determinants Of Individual Performance And Labor Market Outcomes
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Author : Olof Rosenqvist
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Essays On Determinants Of Individual Performance And Labor Market Outcomes written by Olof Rosenqvist and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Three Essays On Frictional Labour Markets
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Author : David Pothier
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Three Essays On Frictional Labour Markets written by David Pothier and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Labor economics categories.
This thesis contributes to the understanding of how socio-economic factors affect the functioning of modern labour markets. It belongs to the strand of academic literature that departs from the standard Walrasian model of the labour market, and considers matching and information frictions to be important determinants of observed labour market phenomena. Within this general framework, this thesis analyses how different forms of agent heterogeneity / socio-demographic identity, productivity, and wealth - affect wage rates and the level of employment in competitive labour markets. The first chapter studies how occupational segregation - the sorting of workers across occupations based on their demographic characteristics - affects the allocation of talent in the labour market. When job vacancy information is transmitted via workers' group-biased social contacts, occupational segregation is found to be a robust equilibrium outcome. The chapter shows that while occupational segregation implies benefits in terms of the job-finding probability of individual workers, it may also engender significant allocative inefficiencies when workers differ in terms of their productivity across occupations. The second chapter examines how heterogeneous workers and firms sort across formal (market-based) and informal (network-based) recruitment channels. When worker and firm productivity are unobservable the two recruitment channels effectively compete in terms of their screening capability. Matching frictions are shown to generate a sorting externality that leads to a multiplicity of equilibrium outcomes, depending on the skill-bias within social networks and the productivity dispersion among workers and firms. The third chapter, co-authored with Damien Puy, examines to what extent variations in wages and employment over the business-cycle can explain the counter-cyclical properties of the income distribution. We show that demand composition effects are an important channel through which aggregate supply shocks are propagated through the economy, and that these have important distributional consequences. In particular, we find income inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) to be counter-cyclical. Consistent with empirical evidence, this is shown to be largely due to changes in the level of employment and to a lesser degree to variations in relative factor prices.
Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : MinSub Kim
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Essays In Labor Economics written by MinSub Kim and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with Industrial management categories.
This dissertation studies the importance of networks and other institutional factors on workers' labor market outcomes. I particularly focus on manager-employee networks formed within the workplace, for two main reasons: these networks play a critical role in determining the productivity of individual employees, and also affect the equitability of a given working environment, which in turn influences workers' outcomes. Because social networks are more likely to form among those who share similar backgrounds (such as gender or ethnicity), vertical co-worker connections may worsen existing intra-institutional gaps between majority and minority groups, as there is a higher chance of such bonds emerging among the majority. Hence understanding the characteristics and mechanisms of manager-employee connections may yield significant implications for policymakers in empowering a diverse workforce and redressing disparities. Despite having consequential ramifications for an employee's career outcomes, little attention has been paid to manager-employee networks in the workplace, mainly due to the limited data at hand. This, in turn, limits causal evidence in the existing literature. In the first two chapters below, using web scraping techniques, I construct unique datasets that allow me to identify co-worker connections in specific professions to provide causal evidence of the effects of manager-employee connections. In Chapter 1, I inquire whether the gender of academic leaders, i.e., college deans and department chairs, affects outcomes of faculty members in terms of (i) wages and (ii) share of female faculty in an academic unit. Exploiting data allowing for a year-by-year identification of any changes in individual departments/colleges such as chair/dean transitions, I adopt an event study design which compares female and male faculty who are exposed to a gender-constant head transition (e.g., male-to-male department chair transition) and those who are exposed to a transition that also involves a change in the leader's gender (e.g., male-to-female department chair transition). I find that managers can improve or worsen female outcomes relative to male outcomes, but the effect of managers does not depend on their gender. This finding is contrary to the common expectation that promoting female managers will have positive spillover effects on other female workers: my findings suggest that merely appointing female managers is not sufficient to reduce gender disparities and improve women's representation in universities. In Chapter 2, I investigate whether and to what extent connections with "successful" senior colleagues (i.e., senior colleagues who rise to high-ranking positions during the course of their career paths) affect a junior prosecutor's chances of promotion. This study focuses on a professional organization that is marked by its bureaucratic hierarchy where managers train, supervise, and assess juniors as well as hold the influence to recommend them for promotion. To identify a causal network effect of successful seniors, I exploit exogenous variation in networks arising from personnel transfer assignments, an organization-specific attribute unique to the Korean prosecution service. I find that connections to successful seniors have a positive spillover effect on junior prosecutors: a one standard deviation increase in the number of connections with successful seniors increases the probability of being promoted for a junior by 10 percentage points. I further provide empirical evidence that there are at least three potential mechanisms behind the network effect: (i) skill spillovers from a senior to a junior, (ii) transmission of information on a junior's performance between seniors, and (iii) nepotism based on alma-mater connections. I also find that social networks arising within workplaces can reinforce the disparity between the minority and majority groups: the alumni of a major university. My findings thus propose that matching a successful senior with a junior within the same minority group of a given institution is an effective way of supporting the minority group within the workplace. In Chapter 3, we study the gender gap for academic economists across a wide range of departments and institutions. Extending the faculty salary data used in Chapter 1, we quantify how much of the gender pay gap arises within versus between departments (and institutions), and explore potential explanations for the variations in the magnitude of gender disparity across different departments and universities, focusing on institutional factors such as gender composition and the overall level of dispersion in salaries at an institution and in a department.
Essays On Productivity Dynamics And Labour Market Outcomes
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Author : Martin Reinhard
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023*
Essays On Productivity Dynamics And Labour Market Outcomes written by Martin Reinhard and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023* with categories.
Essays On Labor Market Frictions And Worker Productivity
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Author : David Wonyoung Jang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Essays On Labor Market Frictions And Worker Productivity written by David Wonyoung Jang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
My dissertation examines how labor market adjustment happens in times of economic downturns or policy changes. Chapter 1 analyzes how the contribution of intensive margin adjustments to the cyclical fluctuations in total hours worked has increased in the US since the 1980s. I document that the job tenure length has increased during this period and labor hours adjustments in recessions are more prominent in economies with higher job tenure lengths. I build a search-and-matching model with part-time workers and job-specific human capital accumulation. With the model, I claim that the improvement in initial match quality can account for the increased use of intensive margin adjustments along the business cycle. A policy simulation shows that subsidizing intensive margin adjustments via Short-time compensation (STC) policy is more effective in reducing unemployment volatility when the initial match productivities are higher and job separations are lower. Chapter 1 explored the impact of job-specific human capital on intensive margin adjustments, while Chapter 2 examines the role of ex-ante worker heterogeneity. Chapter 2 finds that the pool of IPT workers increasingly consists of high-wage workers who are more attached to the labor market during recessions. According to the microdata from the Current Population Survey, this cyclical change is driven by the inflows into the IPT pool, especially the full-time to IPT flow. The demographic compositional changes of the IPT pool in recessions suggest a new channel through which the intensive margin adjustments can affect aggregate unemployment fluctuations by driving up firms' hiring standards during economic downturns. Chapter 3 focuses on a natural experiment in Oregon and Florida that changed the enforceability of non-compete agreements (NCA) between firms and workers. Using the experiment, I find that banning NCA can have a negative consequence on low-wage workers and an unintentional distributional impact. The unemployment duration increases after the ban which exacerbates the loss of general human capital of unemployed workers. I propose the crowding out effect of unemployed workers due to the ban can cause what I observe in the data and the potential cost of banning NCA for workers. Together, these chapters provide insights into different aspects of labor market dynamics, highlighting the importance of initial match quality, worker heterogeneity, and policy implications for labor market institutions
Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : Robert Scott Fletcher
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Essays In Labor Economics written by Robert Scott Fletcher and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
This dissertation contains three essays on labor economics. In the first chapter, co-authored with Nicholas Bloom and Mihai Codreanu, we run randomized controlled trials on a panel of 7,300 small U.S. firms to test if we can improve their sales forecasting. At baseline, only 17.4% of entrepreneurs can forecast their firm's sales over the next three months within 10% of the realized value, with 1% of the mean squared error attributable to bias and the remaining 99% attributable to noise. Our first intervention rewards entrepreneurs up to $400 for accurate forecasts, our second requires respondents to review historical sales data, and our third provides forecasting training. Increased reward payments significantly reduce bias but do not affect noise, despite successfully making entrepreneurs spend more time thinking about their predictions. The historical sales data intervention does not affect bias but significantly reduces noise. Since bias is only a minor part of overall forecasting errors, we find that the reward payments have small effects on mean squared error, while the historical data intervention reduces it by 12.4%. The training intervention has negligible effects on bias, noise, and mean squared error. Our results suggest that while offering financial incentives that increase effort make forecasts more realistic, firms may not fully realize the benefits of having easy access to past performance data. The second chapter, co-authored with Nicholas Bloom and Ethan Yeh, uses survey data to assess the impact of COVID-19. We find a significant negative sales impact that peaked in Quarter 2 of 2020, with an average loss of 29% in sales. The large negative impact masks significant heterogeneity, with over 40% of firms reporting zero or a positive impact, while almost a quarter report losses of more than 50%. These impacts also appear to be persistent, with firms that reported the largest sales drops in mid-2020 still forecasting large sales losses a year later in mid-2021. In terms of business types, we find that the smallest offline firms experienced sales drops of over 40% compared to less than 10% for the largest online firms. Finally, in terms of the owners, we find female and black owners reported significantly larger drops in sales. Owners with a humanities degree also experienced far larger losses, while those with a STEM degree experienced the smallest impact. In the third chapter, I explore the extent to which American geographic political polarization is caused by internal migratory patterns, using a novel political campaigning dataset spanning the universe of American voting-age citizens. Contrary to popular belief that migration drives geographic polarization, I estimate that migration reduces it by mixing individuals across politically homogeneous areas. This effect is largely explained by regression to the mean - the United States has become geographically polarized beyond what even strong preferences for self-sorting can sustain. Furthermore, I demonstrate that the political beliefs of internal migrants tend to increasingly reflect the average political beliefs of their destinations the longer they live there. This effect amplifies the depolarizing effect of the migration patterns as individuals who move to less politically homogeneous areas adopt less polarized views.
Essays On Labor Markets
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Author : Andreas Gulyas
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Essays On Labor Markets written by Andreas Gulyas and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
My dissertation contributes towards our understanding of the determinants of wage inequality and to the causes of the emergence of jobless recoveries. It consists of two chapters. The first, "Identifying Labor Market Sorting with Firm Dynamics" studies the determinants of wage inequality, which requires understanding how workers and firms match. I propose a novel strategy to identify the complementarities in production between unobserved worker and firm attributes, based on the idea that positive (negative) sorting implies that firms upgrade (downgrade) their workforce quality when they grow in size. I use German matched employer-employee data to estimate a search and matching model with worker-firm complementarities, job-to-job transitions, and firm dynamics. The relationship between changes in workforce quality and firm growth rates in the data informs the strength of complementarities in the model. Thus, this strategy bypasses the lack of identification inherent to environments with constant firm types. I find evidence of negative sorting and a significant dampening effect of worker-firm complementarities on wage inequality. Worker and firm heterogeneity, differential bargaining positions, and sorting contribute 71\%, 20\%, 32\% and -23\% to wage dispersion, respectively. Reallocating workers across firms to the first-best allocation without mismatch yields an output gain of less than one percent.\\ My second chapter, "Does the Cyclicality of Employment Depend on Trends in the Participation Rate?" studies the fact that the past three recessions were characterized by sluggish recovery of the employment to population ratio. The reasons behind these "jobless recoveries" are not well understood. Contrary to other post-WWII recessions, these "jobless recoveries" occurred during times with downward trending labor force participation rate(LFPR). I extend the directed search setup of Menzio et al. (2012) with a labor force participation decision to study whether trends in LFPR cause jobless recessions. I then show that that recoveries during times of declining LFPR look very different to recoveries during positive LFPR trend. The basic intuition is as follows: During downward trending LFPR, many low productivity workers cling on to their jobs, but once separated, it does not pay off for them to pay the search cost to re-enter the market. If the recession happens during increasing trend LFPR, then the employment recovery is helped by persons entering the labor market. Thus, I highlight that contrary to the usual approach in the literature, it is important to explicitly account for the trend of the LFPR.
Essays In Labor Economics
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Author : Evan Nelson Buntrock
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Essays In Labor Economics written by Evan Nelson Buntrock and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
The three essays of this dissertation are studies of individual choice and outcomes in labor-economics related problems. In the first chapter, I use an individual's rank in his coworker-comparison group to predict whether he leaves his job and the amount of earnings growth he will experience over his next few years. Even after controlling for a variety of individual and firm observables and unobservables, I find that an individual's rank is positively correlated with his earnings growth on the current job but negatively correlated with his earnings growth when he changes jobs. The mean reversion of job changers' earnings with respect to rank suggests that rank is a signal of an individual's match productivity with his current firm. In the second chapter, my co-author and I use a flexible decomposition procedure for job-matching to distinguish changes in job-to-job flows due to structural factors of the labor market from changes due to the evolving composition of workers and firms. We find that the likelihood of workers moving to firms 25-100 miles away from their current firm when changing jobs has increased. This increased integration of local labor markets has gone undetected by other studies of mobility, which focus on interstate and even inter-county job and residential migration. In the third chapter, I study whether US citizens have become more or less likely over time to marry someone with whom they share a state of birth. Using a variety of descriptive statistics, I find that the proportion of marriages between citizens with different states of birth has increased. Individuals born in later years and those having higher education are generally more likely to marry someone born in a different state.