Essays On The Empowerment And Employment Of Women In India
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Essays On The Empowerment And Employment Of Women In India
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Author : Madeline McKelway
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Essays On The Empowerment And Employment Of Women In India written by Madeline McKelway and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
This thesis consists of three papers on the empowerment and employment of women in India. India's female labor force participation rate is among the lowest in the world. Research suggests many women in India want to work, husbands' opposition to their work is a key constraint, and husbands can be persuaded that their wives should work. But if women want to work and their husbands can be persuaded, why do women not persuade them? The first paper (chapter one) argues that doing so requires a general sense of self-confidence that is lacking amongst women in India. My experiment offered women in rural Uttar Pradesh a psychosocial intervention to raise generalized self-efficacy (GSE), or beliefs in own ability to attain desired outcomes. The intervention produced a persistent gain in GSE. I cross-randomized a short video promotion of women's employment for women's families. The promotion given alone increased short-run employment, which implies families in this setting can be persuaded. The GSE intervention on its own also raised short-run employment, and data suggest a key channel was giving women confidence to persuade their families. Shortrun employment under both interventions was no higher and may have been lower than under either alone. I find no effects on long-run employment, suggesting it is harder to persuade families that women should stay in the workplace than enter it. The second paper (chapter two), which is co-authored with Matt Lowe, outlines a model of household decision-making about women's labor supply and presents results from an experiment in India that tested it. The key feature of the model is that households choose whether to engage in costly bargaining about the labor supply decision. Moreover, information about women's employment opportunities may be asymmetric. Spouses choose whether to share information and whether to bargain based on their preferences for women's employment. This model has support in recent empirical research. Our experiment was set in rural Uttar Pradesh. We document misalignment of spousal preferences about women's work in this setting: wives are significantly more supportive of women's employment than their husbands. We experimentally varied enforcement of common knowledge and enforcement of bargaining. We randomized whether husbands or wives were given information about a women's job opportunity and an enrollment ticket. We cross-randomized whether nontargeted spouses were not informed, informed separately, or informed at the same time as their targeted spouses. In the third condition, we explicitly encouraged discussion with the view of enforcing bargaining. Surprisingly, we find that husbands did not withhold information and that discussion significantly decreased enrollment. Our results contradict the standard predictions outlined in the model. The final paper (chapter three) explores the effects of women's employment. A standard prediction of the household literature is that women's employment should increase women's intra-household bargaining power. This paper provides the first experimental tests of this prediction. The experiment was conducted in rural Uttar Pradesh, a setting where women's family members typically decide whether women work. The intervention is the promotion intervention used in the first paper, a video promoting a women's employment opportunity that was designed to address family members' key objections to women working. I informed both treatment and control family members about the opportunity but only showed the promotion to treatment family members. The promotion led to large increases in women's employment and is unlikely to have affected other family outcomes through channels aside from women's employment; I interpret effects of the promotion on these outcomes as effects of women's employment. I find employment enabled women to make more decisions independently and without their husbands' knowledge. However, it did not increase their bargaining power in joint decisions. My results are inconsistent with the standard collective model of the household and more aligned with a model in which spouses do not fully pool their incomes.
Women S Rights And Empowerment As A Means To Solve India S Demographic Problems
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Author : Nejla Demirkaya
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2015-10-02
Women S Rights And Empowerment As A Means To Solve India S Demographic Problems written by Nejla Demirkaya and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-10-02 with Foreign Language Study categories.
Essay from the year 2012 in the subject Indology, grade: 2,0, University of Göttingen (Centre for Modern Indian Studies), course: Sex and Society: The Anthropology of Reproduction in India and the US, language: English, abstract: India suffers from two crucial demographic crises that not only endanger the country’s political stability but also the lives and health of millions of its inhabitants: Overpopulation and gender imbalance. Both demographic phenomena are highly interconnected, yet they move in opposite directions: While overpopulation is going to remain a problem for the coming decades, recent developments give reason to hope for a stationary population, provided that fertility rates on state level either remain as they currently are or decline even further. Gender imbalance, however, continues to worsen in large parts of India. The protection of women’s rights and the enhancement of their social and economic status are given utmost priority in the global battle against overpopulation and anti-female discrimination; many scholars argue that these may even be the single most important steps towards creating peaceful and just conditions for everybody. But can there be a panacea for the population problems of a country as complex and diverse as India? This essay attempts to show that women’s rights and empowerment have partially already proven to be the key solution, although it can unfold its potency only in conjunction with further factors and as an accompaniment of social developments that are often culturally and regionally specific.
Three Essays On Investments In Child Welfare In India
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Author : Eeshani Kandpal
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Three Essays On Investments In Child Welfare In India written by Eeshani Kandpal and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
In this dissertation, I evaluate two approaches that have the potential to improve child welfare, which persists at high levels in the developing world. In the first essay, I evaluate whether the Indian government's child nutrition intervention, the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) is able to reduce long-term malnutrition in children as measured by stunting. The ICDS provides supplements, peri-natal services, and daycare to targeted villages, and is one of many such programs in the developing world . Previous evaluations of ICDS have not adequately controlled for its targeted nature, introducing downward bias in their estimates, nor have such evaluations in India or elsewhere looked at the program's distributional effects. Controlling for targeting and using new data, I find significant treatment effects particularly for the most malnourished children. Unlike previous studies, I control for non-normality of ICDS coverage; however, like previous work, I find problems with the targeting of the program: while ICDS targets poor areas, it fails to target those with low average education or with unbalanced sex ratios. In the second essay, I examine the impact of an Indian women's empowerment program, Mahila Samakhya on empowerment outcomes. The program aims to empower women through education and by organizing them into support groups. First, I use primary data on 487 women in the state of Uttarakhand to match non-participants with untreated women and establish that the program is not targeted at any particular part of the population. Then, matching women over districts with and without the program, I show that program participants are more likely to (1) work, (2) attend village council meetings, (3) have identification cards to a government employment scheme that give them access to outside employment, and (3) leave the house without permission. My results thus establish that the Mahila Samakhya significantly improves gender empowerment. This study is only the second evaluation of the Mahila Samakhya program and the first to evaluate whether it improves female empowerment. This study is also the first to explore the how employment and social norm might differ in their impact on female empowerment. In the third essay, I quantify the impact of peer network-based learning and influence on female empowerment and child food intake using primary data on networks in Uttarakhand. I use participation in the Mahila Samakhya program to identify increases in the empowerment of the participant herself and her social network. Using a conceptual framework that combines the Nash bargaining framework, the demographic diffusion literature, and identity economics, I characterize three ways in which networks function: social learning, social influence, and identity utility. I then use 3SLS on network-weighted instruments to estimate the relative sizes of these mechanisms on empowerment and child food intake. Results show that female empowerment is significantly affected by social influence and identity through participation, while child food intake benefits most from learning.
Essays On Gender And Governance
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Author : Martha Craven Nussbaum
language : en
Publisher: MacMillan India
Release Date : 2005
Essays On Gender And Governance written by Martha Craven Nussbaum and has been published by MacMillan India this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Political Science categories.
The relationship between gender and governance has too often been neglected in both theoretical and empirical work. Until very recently, most influential political thought has been built around a conceptual distinction between the public realm of politics, military affairs, and administration, and the private realm of family and domestic life. Women s role, in a wide range of traditions and in theoretical work influenced by them, has typically been associated with the private realm, and men s role with the public realm. The public/private distinction has been thoroughly criticized as being in many ways misleading and untenable. Nonetheless, it continues to influence both theoretical and empirical work, with the result that women s efforts to gain a voice in governance have often been ignored. The papers in this volume aim to set the record straight. They advance a theoretical structure, both positive and normative, within which the question of gendered governance may usefully be pursued. They also analyze some current developments that indicate many ways in which women are actively participating in governance, in both government and the institutions of civil society, and the obstacles that remain. The essays in this volume are the outcome of a year long collaborative exploration of the multiple factors that influence the process of engendering governance in complex societies, in particular the changing roles of various actors including women s movements, the state and civil society.
Women In India
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Author : Sharada Rath
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999
Women In India written by Sharada Rath and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Social Science categories.
The Present Book Is A Compilation Of Selected Essays Focussing Attention On The Women S Search For Self-Identity And Their Struggle For Survival With Dignity, Development And Empowerment. It Deals With The Changing Identity Of Women In Social, Political And Economic Arena In Pre-Independence As Well As Post-Independence India. This Book Deals With The Problems Confronting Women From A Global Perspective As Well As From The Indian Angle Of Vision. The Main Issues Discussed Here Are Problems Facing Rural And Urban Women, Women Workers, Social Legislation Safeguarding The Interests Of Women, Their Rights, The Process Of Their Socialisation And Political Participation, Their Emancipation From Tradition-Bound Subordinate Status, And Above All Their Multi-Dimensional Development And Empowerment. The Role Played By Women In Freedom As Well As Socio-Cultural Movement In India And Abroad Has Been Dealt In Their Appropriate Context. Issue-Related And Area-Wise Studies Constitute The Chief Attraction Of The Present Work.
Towards Gender Equality
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Author : N. Linga Murthy
language : en
Publisher: Serials Publications
Release Date : 2007
Towards Gender Equality written by N. Linga Murthy and has been published by Serials Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Sex discrimination against women categories.
Economic Development Is Expected To Show A Positive Impact On Women S Control Over Resources And Their Participation In Decision-Making And This Has Initiated Great Interest In Empowerment Studies. Researchers, Policy Makers, Feminist Scholars, Activists, Administrators, Politicians, Bureaucrats, Sociologists, Economists, Anthropologists, Intellectuals, Non-Governmental Organisations (Ngos) And International Institutions, Such As The United Nations, Etc., Have Been Examining The Impact Of Development On The Status Of Women In General And Developing Countries In Particular. Many Of Them Are Inspired By Easter Boserup S Path Breaking Study On Women S Role In Economic Development Published In The Year 1970. Most Of The Studies Conducted By Them Address The Problems Of Gender Discrimination That Is Beset With The Process Of Development. In The Light Of This Backdrop, The Collection Of Essays In This Volume Made An Attempt To Examine The National Policies And Ideologies Which Often Declared Their Commitment Towards The Attainment Of Gender Equality. Though, This Book Does Not Seek To Offer A Definition Or Meaning Of Empowerment That Will Be Effective And Applicable Globally, It Speaks About The Approach To Moving Towards Gender Equality At The National And Regional Levels And Further This Volume Tries To Highlight The Different Implications Of Empowerment Of Women In The Specific Context Of Development And Social Change. This Volume Is Divided Into Five Sections. Section-I Deals With Women S Status, Section-Ii With Women S Education, Section-Iii With Women S Employment, Section-Iv With Women S Health And The Last And The Fifth Section Deals With Gender Equality. This Volume Is The Outcome Of The Two-Day National Seminar Conducted In The Department Of Economics Of Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh.
Empowerment Of Women In India
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Author : V. S. Ganesamurthy
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Empowerment Of Women In India written by V. S. Ganesamurthy and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Business & Economics categories.
The extent of empowerment of women in a nation is largely determined by three factors - economic, social, and political identity. India's Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07) called for a three-pronged strategy of social empowerment, economic empowerment, and providing gender justice to create a positive environment of economic, and social policies for women, and eliminating all forms of discrimination against them. The government of India has initiated various schemes spread across a broad spectrum, such as women's need for shelter, security, safety, legal aid, justice, information, maternal health, food, nutrition etc., as well as their need for economic sustenance through skill development, education, and access to credit and marketing. In order to address the phenomenon of domestic violence, which is widely prevalent but remains largely invisible in the public domain, the Protection from Domestic Violence Act, 2006 was enacted by the Indian Parliament. This collection of 35 papers examines various areas of interest including socio-economic status, women entrepreneurship, women in politics, role of information and communication technology in empowering women, and domestic violence.
Indian Women
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Author : Devaki Jain
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Indian Women written by Devaki Jain and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Feminism categories.
Survival And Emancipation
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Author : Brinda Karat
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Survival And Emancipation written by Brinda Karat and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Feminism categories.
This is a comprehensive book on the wide ranging concerns of the women's movements in India from a left perspective. The author's active involvement in the women's struggles adds to the strength of her narrative. It weaves together experiences and critical observations to create a work of great theoretical and practical import. It should be of great value to those interested in women's studies and the general studies on South Asia. It contains a wealth of information on women's lives and their multiple struggles. Excerpt from the Foreword by Aijaz Ahmad: "It is that rare book, wise and modest, which informs, instructs, inspires - but with the lightest of touch. Realistic enough to know that for the vast majority of women in India the struggle is for sheer survival against all odds; visionary enough to know that the battle for survival itself shall not be won without winning the battle for emancipation from all kinds of oppression and exploitation. At the heart of that battle for emancipation in our country are the women of our villages and our working classes. This book is written from their standpoint."
Recent Studies On Indian Women
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Author : Kamal K. Misra
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Recent Studies On Indian Women written by Kamal K. Misra and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with History categories.
"This volume, which is an Indo-American academic venture, contains 18 theoretically innovative and empirically penetrating essays, including an introductory chapter. The contributors to the volume are distinguished scholars from the disciplines of sociology, anthropology, political science, population studies, economics, English literature, geography, economics, etc., with a sustained interest in gender studies in the Indian context. Therefore, multi-disciplinarity with empirically grounded research is the greatest strength of this volume. The volume contains chapters which can cater to the academic needs of scholars having interest on gender issues in India, no matter what is their academic training and background. Some of the chapters in the volume are the down-to-earth experiences of the contributors that have immense policy-oriented import. The issues covered in the volume are wide-ranging as are the expertise of its contributors, which include the philosophy of ideal womanhood, issues of women's empowerment, legal dimensions of widowhood, paternalism and domestic violence, images of matriliny, literary and political dimensions of gender, dalit and tribal women and their varied perceptions vis-Ã? -vis other Indian women, scientists and entrepreneurs, matrimonial preferences, marriage timings, politics of population control, and so on. The volume will be of special interest equally to students, researchers and policy makers on gender."