Evaluating The Political Rationality Of Terrorist Groups
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Evaluating The Political Rationality Of Terrorist Groups
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Author : Eric van Um
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-11-10
Evaluating The Political Rationality Of Terrorist Groups written by Eric van Um and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-11-10 with Political Science categories.
This book improves our understanding of terrorists’ motivations and rationality and may, ultimately, also indicate how to respond to the phenomenon of terrorism. In his research studies, Eric van Um explores the political rationality of terrorist groups. The political rationality model builds on rational choice theory. It demands that terrorist groups take into account the costs and benefits of their available options and choose the option promising them the highest political utility. Testing the explanatory power of this model is relevant, as rational choice approaches have become very prominent in terrorism research. But, at the same time, their empirical power remains highly contested. Increased knowledge of the political rationality model not only promises added value for terrorism research itself, but also for social sciences more generally.
The Rationality Of Terrorism
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Author : Alexander Farrow
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016-12-23
The Rationality Of Terrorism written by Alexander Farrow and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-12-23 with categories.
How do terrorists really think? What motivates a terrorist organization? Why is violence the weapon of choice?This groundbreaking, empirical theory plunges deep into terrorist rationale by exploring terrorism and counter warfare strategies (counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, antiterrorism, and concession). Specifically, I explore the reason why some organizations, like ISIL and Hezbollah, not only conduct attacks but also establish shadow governments by controlling the water supply and even taxing the population.Constructing a game theoretical "strategic interaction model", I analyze how a terrorist organization competes with a government for social control over the population. The conclusion of my modeling is that terrorism is inversely proportional to power, measured by social control. When a terrorist organization is less powerful than the government, it attacks. When it is more powerful, it governs. To illustrate the model, I explore shifts in social control; the primary case studies are Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Taliban in Afghanistan, and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS, ISIL, Daesh).My hope is that this theory helps nations precisely suppress terrorist organizations with the appropriate combination of counterinsurgency and counterterrorism._______In Chapter 1, I introduce the puzzle of how violent terrorist organizations often act as shadow governments, supporting the population.In Chapter 2, I outline contemporary literature on terrorism. Specifically, I define the terms terrorism and terrorist organization to ensure that the theory is appropriately applied. Next, I outline the theoretical components of terrorism, explaining concepts like fear as a force multiplier. Then, I illustrate the fundamental components of counter warfare, including counterinsurgency and counterterrorism strategies. Finally, I illustrate why contemporary literature is unable to adequately explain long run shifts in terrorist strategy. I therefore suggest a new model for studying terrorism -- a strategic interaction model.In Chapter 3, I develop a strategic interaction model of terrorism. Firstly, I define the rules of interaction between a terrorist organization, a government, and a population. Then, I establish a connection between political power and social control. Next, I construct the terrorist organization and government's social control functions in order to analyze each of their respective interactions with the population. Finally, I analyze how the two functions interdependently determine primary warfare strategies. In Chapter 4, I apply this theory to two case studies using time and shift in social control as the independent variables and strategy as the dependent variable. I choose Hezbollah in Lebanon and the Taliban in Afghanistan as case studies because of their definitive shifts in social control. Hezbollah gained significant control after ousting Israel from Lebanon in 2000. The Taliban, on the other hand, lost significant control after the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and the establishment of a democratic regime in 2004. In order to quantify shifts in terrorism strategy, I aggregate the number of yearly and monthly attacks. Finally, using narratives, regressions, t-tests, and graphs, I analyze the relationship between social control and strategy shifts.In Chapter 5, I prescribe counter warfare strategies. I briefly outline general steps that the government takes when contemplating primary strategies to combat a terrorist organization. I then apply these counter warfare strategies to ISIL. In this chapter, I hope to give politicians, military commanders, analysts and scholars a more practical lens through which to evaluate counter warfare options. Terrorism cripples populations with fear and chaos. By shedding light on how it works, I hope to develop a new approach to how the international community can counter future terrorism.
The Cambridge Companion To Religion And Terrorism
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Author : James Lewis
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2017-07-25
The Cambridge Companion To Religion And Terrorism written by James Lewis and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-25 with Religion categories.
Does religion cause terrorism? This volume presents a range of theories and case studies that address this important issue.
Psychology Of Terrorism
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Psychology Of Terrorism written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
In compiling this annotated bibliography on the psychology of terrorism, the author has defined terrorism as "acts of violence intentionally perpetrated on civilian noncombatants with the goal of furthering some ideological, religious or political objective." The principal focus is on nonstate actors. The task was to identify and analyze the scientific and professional social science literature pertaining to the psychological and/or behavioral dimensions of terrorist behavior (not on victimization or effects). The objectives were to explore what questions pertaining to terrorist groups and behavior had been asked by social science researchers; to identify the main findings from that research; and attempt to distill and summarize them within a framework of operationally relevant questions. To identify the relevant social science literature, the author began by searching a series of major academic databases using a systematic, iterative keyword strategy, mapping, where possible, onto existing subject headings. The focus was on locating professional social science literature published in major books or in peer-reviewed journals. Searches were conducted of the following databases October 2003: Sociofile/Sociological Abstracts, Criminal Justice Abstracts (CJ Abstracts), Criminal Justice Periodical Index (CJPI), National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts (NCJRS), PsycInfo, Medline, and Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Three types of annotations were provided for works in this bibliography: Author's Abstract -- this is the abstract of the work as provided (and often published) by the author; Editor's Annotation -- this is an annotation written by the editor of this bibliography; and Key Quote Summary -- this is an annotation composed of "key quotes" from the original work, edited to provide a cogent overview of its main points.
The Mind Of The Terrorist
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Author : Jerrold M. Post
language : en
Publisher: St. Martin's Press
Release Date : 2007-12-10
The Mind Of The Terrorist written by Jerrold M. Post and has been published by St. Martin's Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-12-10 with Political Science categories.
In contrast to the widely held assumption that terrorists as crazed fanatics, Jerrold Post demonstrates they are psychologically "normal" and that "hatred has been bred in the bone". He reveals the powerful motivations that drive these ordinary people to such extraordinary evil by exploring the different types of terrorists, from national-separatists like the Irish Republican Army to social revolutionary terrorists like the Shining Path, as well as religious extremists like al-Qaeda and Aum Shinrikyo. In The Mind of the Terrorist, Post uses his expertise to explain how the terrorist mind works and how this information can help us to combat terrorism more effectively.
The Darkest Sides Of Politics I
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Author : Jeffrey M. Bale
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-09-04
The Darkest Sides Of Politics I written by Jeffrey M. Bale and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-04 with Political Science categories.
This book examines a wide array of phenomena that arguably constitute the most noxious, extreme, terrifying, murderous, secretive, authoritarian, and/or anti-democratic aspects of national and international politics. Scholars should not ignore these "dark sides" of politics, however unpleasant they may be, since they influence the world in a multitude of harmful ways. The first volume in this two-volume collection focuses on the history of underground neo-fascist networks in the post-World War II era; neo-fascist paramilitary and terrorist groups operating in Europe and Latin America in the 1960s and 1970s; and the manipulation of those and other terrorist organizations by the security forces of various states, both authoritarian and democratic. A range of global case studies are included, all of which focus on the lesser known activities of certain secular extremist milieus. This collection should prove to be essential reading for students and researchers interested in understanding seemingly arcane but nonetheless important dimensions of recent historical and contemporary politics.
The Oxford Handbook Of Terrorism
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Author : Erica Chenoweth
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2019-03-14
The Oxford Handbook Of Terrorism written by Erica Chenoweth and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-03-14 with Political Science categories.
The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism systematically integrates the substantial body of scholarship on terrorism and counterterrorism before and after 9/11. In doing so, it introduces scholars and practitioners to state of the art approaches, methods, and issues in studying and teaching these vital phenomena. This Handbook goes further than most existing collections by giving structure and direction to the fast-growing but somewhat disjointed field of terrorism studies. The volume locates terrorism within the wider spectrum of political violence instead of engaging in the widespread tendency towards treating terrorism as an exceptional act. Moreover, the volume makes a case for studying terrorism within its socio-historical context. Finally, the volume addresses the critique that the study of terrorism suffers from lack of theory by reviewing and extending the theoretical insights contributed by several fields - including political science, political economy, history, sociology, anthropology, criminology, law, geography, and psychology. In doing so, the volume showcases the analytical advancements and reflects on the challenges that remain since the emergence of the field in the early 1970s.
Dying To Win
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Author : Robert Pape
language : en
Publisher: Random House Trade Paperbacks
Release Date : 2006-07-25
Dying To Win written by Robert Pape and has been published by Random House Trade Paperbacks this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-07-25 with Fiction categories.
Suicide terrorism is rising around the world, but there is great confusion as to why. In this paradigm-shifting analysis, University of Chicago political scientist Robert Pape has collected groundbreaking evidence to explain the strategic, social, and individual factors responsible for this growing threat. One of the world's foremost authorities on the subject, Professor Pape has created the first comprehensive database of every suicide terrorist attack in the world from 1980 until today. With striking clarity and precision, Professor Pape uses this unprecedented research to debunk widely held misconceptions about the nature of suicide terrorism and provide a new lens that makes sense of the threat we face. FACT: Suicide terrorism is not primarily a product of Islamic fundamentalism. FACT: The world's leading practitioners of suicide terrorism are the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka-a secular, Marxist-Leninist group drawn from Hindu families. FACT: Ninety-five percent of suicide terrorist attacks occur as part of coherent campaigns organized by large militant organizations with significant public support. FACT: Every suicide terrorist campaign has had a clear goal that is secular and political: to compel a modern democracy to withdraw military forces from the territory that the terrorists view as their homeland. FACT: Al-Qaeda fits the above pattern. Although Saudi Arabia is not under American military occupation per se, one major objective of al-Qaeda is the expulsion of U.S. troops from the Persian Gulf region, and as a result there have been repeated attacks by terrorists loyal to Osama bin Laden against American troops in Saudi Arabia and the region as a whole. FACT: Despite their rhetoric, democracies-including the United States-have routinely made concessions to suicide terrorists. Suicide terrorism is on the rise because terrorists have learned that it's effective. In this wide-ranging analysis, Professor Pape offers the essential tools to forecast when some groups are likely to resort to suicide terrorism and when they are not. He also provides the first comprehensive demographic profile of modern suicide terrorist attackers. With data from more than 460 such attackers-including the names of 333-we now know that these individuals are not mainly poor, desperate criminals or uneducated religious fanatics but are often well-educated, middle-class political activists. More than simply advancing new theory and facts, these pages also answer key questions about the war on terror: Are we safer now than we were before September 11? Was the invasion of Iraq a good counterterrorist move? Is al-Qaeda stronger now than it was before September 11? Professor Pape answers these questions with analysis grounded in fact, not politics, and recommends concrete ways for today's states to fight and prevent terrorist attacks. Military options may disrupt terrorist operations in the short term, but a lasting solution to suicide terrorism will require a comprehensive, long-term approach-one that abandons visions of empire and relies on a combined strategy of vigorous homeland security, nation building in troubled states, and greater energy independence. For both policy makers and the general public, Dying to Win transcends speculation with systematic scholarship, making it one of the most important political studies of recent time.
Countering New Est Terrorism
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Author : Bruce Oliver Newsome
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2017-12-15
Countering New Est Terrorism written by Bruce Oliver Newsome and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-12-15 with Political Science categories.
How should we analyze and assess new terrorist behaviors? What are the particular risks and challenges from new terrorism? Should we negotiate with terrorists, and, if so, how? When should we use force against terrorists? Countering New(est) Terrorism: Hostage-Taking, Kidnapping, and Active Violence—Assessing, Negotiating, and Assaulting improves our knowledge of new terrorist behaviors, and our skills in responding to such attacks. The term "new terrorism" has been in circulation since the late 90’s. This book analyzes the "newest terrorism" that has emerged in recent years—characterized by increased hostage-taking, kidnapping, and active violence—and develops best practices for countering these emerging threats. Along the way, it challenges fashionable wishful thinking that all terrorists are open to rational negotiation or de-radicalization, that military responses always reflect badly on the official side, and that terrorists are not constrained by their own doctrines. The new terrorists are dramatically more ideological, murderous, and suicidal. They are generally less reconcilable, less trusting of official negotiators, less likely to release detainees, and more likely to kill detainees. They are less likely to demand ransoms yet more likely to release hostages in cases in which they do demand ransom. They are more informed about the official side’s policies, tactics, techniques, and procedures. They are more likely to use new information and communication technologies against responding agencies and officials. They are more capable fighters—they kill more people despite deploying fewer fighters per hostage. Most disturbing is the fact that they take advantage of free-er societies to access easier targets. Features: Includes evidence-based definitions and descriptions of political, religious, Jihadi, and new terrorism Presents the first large-n comparison of old and new terrorism, using an original extension of the Global Terrorism Database (GTD), with added codes for each of 10,735 hostage crises and more than 500,000 data points from 1970 through 2016 Details a further extension of the GTD covering all terrorist events from 2004 through 2016, roughly 5 million data points. Offers prescriptive advice and visual decision trees on how to negotiate crises, assess the risk of terrorism, and how and when to assault terrorists Reviews official practices, interviews with experienced officials, and real-world simulations of recent terrorist events and attacks Countering New(est) Terrorism will be of interest to researchers, students enrolled in terrorism and Homeland Security programs, crisis negotiators, and police, security, intelligence, and military authorities tasked with counterterrorism and anti-terrorism efforts.
Disciplining Terror
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Author : Lisa Stampnitzky
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2013-04-18
Disciplining Terror written by Lisa Stampnitzky and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-18 with Political Science categories.
Since 9/11, we have been told that terrorists are pathological evildoers. Yet before the 1970s, hijackings, assassinations, and other acts now called 'terrorism' were considered the work of rational actors. Disciplining Terror explains how political violence became 'terrorism', and how this transformation ultimately led to the current 'war on terror'.