Evaluating Transportation Equity
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Evaluating Transportation Equity
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Evaluating Transportation Equity written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
It defines various types of equity and equity impacts, and describes practical ways to incorporate equity evaluation and objectives in transport planning. [...] Transportation equity analysis can be difficult because there are several types of equity to consider, numerous impacts and ways of measuring those impacts, and various ways that people can be grouped for equity analysis. [...] Public Facilities and Services Amount and distribution of public funds for transport facilities and services. [...] It recognizes the important roles that active and public transport can play in an efficient and equitable transport system, considers impacts such as the barrier effect and sprawled development on accessibility, and expands transport improvement options to include improvements to alternative modes, increased transport network connectivity, more accessible land use development, and improved telecom [...] Adjustments may be required to account for differences in geography (such as greater dependence on walking and transit in cities, and greater dependency on highways in suburbs and rural areas), costs (such as higher costs of facilities and services in dense urban areas), and the extra costs of serving people with disabilities and other special needs.
Evaluating Transportation Equity
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Author : Todd Litman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Evaluating Transportation Equity written by Todd Litman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Traffic estimation categories.
Evaluating Transportation Equity
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Author : Todd Litman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
Evaluating Transportation Equity written by Todd Litman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Urban transportation categories.
This paper explores the concept of transportation equity and suggests better ways to incorporate fairness into transportation decisions. It describes three major types of equity: horizontal equity, verical equity with respect to income, and vertical equity with respect to need and ability. How transportation is defined and measured often determined how equity is evaluated. Current transportation equity issues are discussed, and examples are used to explore equity implications of specific decisions. Case studies include automobile user charges, transit funding, and traffic management.
Measuring Transport Equity
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Author : Karen Lucas
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2019-05-30
Measuring Transport Equity written by Karen Lucas and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-05-30 with Business & Economics categories.
Measuring Transport Equity provides a range of methods with the potential to shape transport decision-making processes, thus allowing for the adoption of more equitable transport solutions. Presenting numerous applied methods and applications of transport equity assessment, this book formalizes the disciplinary practice, definitions, and methodologies for transport equity. In addition, it recognizes the different types of equity and acknowledges that each requires its own assessment methodologies. Bringing together the most up-to-date perspectives and practical approaches for assessing equity in relation to accessibility, environmental impacts, health, and wellbeing, the book sets standards for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners for conducting social impact analyses and is an ideal reference for those involved in transport planning. Written by a collection of top researchers and upcoming scholars in the transport field. Shows how to apply transport equity measurement ideas in the real world through case study examples. Covers emerging transport topics, including the use of advanced measures of inequality. Includes learning aids, such as methodology, application, policy relevance, and further reading.
Enhancing Transportation Equity Analysis For Long Range Planning And Decision Making
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Author : Tierra Suzan Bills
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Enhancing Transportation Equity Analysis For Long Range Planning And Decision Making written by Tierra Suzan Bills and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) regularly perform equity analyses for their long-range transportation plans, as this is required by Environmental Justice regulations. These regional-level plans may propose hundreds of transportation infrastructure and policy changes (e.g. highway and transit extensions, fare changes, pricing schemes, etc.) as well as land-use policy changes. The challenge is to assess the distribution of impacts from all the proposed changes across different population segments. In addition, these agencies are to confirm that disadvantaged groups will share equitably in the benefits and not be overly adversely affected. While there are a number of approaches used for regional transportation equity analyses in practice, approaches using large scale travel models are emerging as a common existing practice. However, the existing methods used generally fail to paint a clear picture of what groups benefit or do not benefit from the transportation improvements. In particular, there are four critical shortcomings of the existing transportation equity analysis practice. First, there is no clear framework outlining the key components of a transportation equity analysis at the regional-level. Second, the existing zonal-level group segmentation used for identifying target and comparison groups are problematic and can lead to significant biases. Third, the use of average equity indicators can be misleading, as averages tend to mask important information about the underlying distributions. Finally, there is no clear guidance on implementing scenario ranking based on the equity objectives. In addressing the first shortcoming of existing equity analysis practices, we present a guiding framework for transportation equity analysis that organizes the components of equity analysis in terms of transportation priorities, the model, and the equity indicators. The first component emphasizes the need to identify the priority transportation improvement(s) relevant for communities, as this guides the transportation benefits (or costs) to be evaluated. The second component is the model to be used for facilitating scenario analysis and measuring the expected transportation and land-use changes. The third component refers to the selection of equity indicators (ideally selected based on the transportation priorities identified), and the evaluation of these indicators. This three-part framework is also useful for outlining the research needs for transportation equity analysis. Among other key research needs, the literature indicates that the development of meaningful distributional comparison methods for transportation planning and decision-making and the use of more comprehensive measures of transportation benefit (for use as equity indicators) are critical. The primary contributions of this dissertation relate to the third component; we develop an advanced approach for evaluating transportation equity outcomes (as represented by the equity indicator(s)). Our proposed analytical approach to transportation equity analysis addresses the existing shortcomings with respect to zonal-level group segmentation and average measures of transportation equity indicators. In addition, our approach emphasizes the importance of scenario ranking using explicit equity criteria. Our approach leverages the disaggregate functionality of activity-based travel demand models and applies individual-level data analysis to advance the existing equity analysis practices. There are four steps in our proposed equity analysis process. The first step is to select the equity indicators to be evaluated and segment the population into a target group and comparison group(s). In this case we advocate for an individual -unit of segmentation and therefore individual-level equity indicators. This minimizes the biases associated with aggregate group segmentation and average equity indicators. The second step is to calculate the indicators from the model data output, which involves determining the exact measures (formulas) for the selected equity indicators. Here we advocate for measures that are comprehensive and sensitive to both transportation system changes and land-use factors, such as the logsum accessibility and consumer surplus measure. The third step in the process is to generate and evaluate distributions of the individual-level equity indicators. In particular, we advocate for the use of what we refer to as the "Individual Difference Density" comparison, which compares distributions of individual-level changes for the population segments across the planning scenarios. This comparison allows for the "winners" and "losers" resulting from the transportation and land-use plans to be identified. The fourth and final step in the process is to identify equity criteria (associated with the chosen equity standard (objective)) and rank the planning scenarios based on the degree to which they meet the equity criteria. We present two conceptual demonstrations of the advantages of distributional comparisons, relative to average measures. The first case uses a synthetic data set and simple binary mode choice model to show and the second case uses an empirical data set (the 2000 Bay Area Travel Survey) and more sophisticated mode choice model. These demonstrations show that distributional comparisons are capable of revealing a much richer picture of how different population segments are affected by transportation plans, in comparison with average measures. Further, distributional comparison provides a framework for evaluating what population's characteristics and conditions lead to certain distribution transportation outcomes. Our proposed process for regional transportation equity analysis is subsequently applied in a case study for the San Francisco Bay Area. We evaluate joint transportation and land-use scenarios modeled using the Metropolitan Transportation Commission's state-of-the-art activity-based travel demand model. We demonstrate the power of individual-level data analysis in a real-world setting. We calculate individual-level measures of commute travel time and logsum-based accessibility/consumer surplus using the model output and compare the scenario changes across income segments. We generate empirical distributions of these indicators and compare the changes associated with the planning scenarios for low and high income commuters. Further, we apply criteria for a set of equity standards (which represent alternative equity objectives) and rank the planning scenarios. There are four key takeaways from this case study. First is that our results show a significant difference in equity outcomes when using the individual-level population segmentation approach, compared to using the zonal segmentation approach done in practice. In fact we find opposite results. For average commute travel time, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission's zonal segmentation approach indicates that low income commuters are worse off than all other commuters, while the individual segmentation approach (in our case) indicates that low income commuters are significantly better off than high income commuters. While the underlying causes for these results warrant further investigation, we hypothesize that this difference is due to the fact that the zone-based approach only captures 40% of the target (low income) group. The individual-level segmentation approach is able to capture 100% of the target group. Second is regarding the equity indicators evaluated. The commute travel time indicator results indicate that low income commuters are better off than high income commuters, while the accessibility/consumer surplus results indicate that low income commuters are worse off than high income commuters. The underlying causes for these results warrant further investigation, but we hypothesize that this difference in results to due to the fact that the logsum accessibility/consumer surplus measure by design is able to capture transportation and land-use related factors, while the travel time measure only captures one dimension of transportation user factors. Focusing on travel time may be misleading because it does not fully capture the true benefits of the transportation scenarios. Third is regarding the use of distributional comparisons, relative to average measures. We find that distributional comparisons are much more informative than average measures. The distributional measures are capable of providing a much richer picture of individuals-level transportation impacts, in terms of who gains and who loses due the transportation planning scenarios. Using the accessibility/ consumer surplus measure, the Individual Difference Densities show that as many as 33.3% of low income commuters experience losses, compared to 13.4% for high income commuters. Finally, we make the case that the use of equity standards for scenario ranking plays an important role in the equity analysis process. Our results show that different equity standards result in different rankings for the transportation planning scenarios. This points to the need for agencies (and communities) to make conscious decisions on what equity standard(s) should be used and apply this/these in the scenario ranking process. This dissertation work includes the first known full-scale application of a regional activity-based travel model for transportation equity analysis that involves distributional comparisons of individual-level equity indicators and scenario ranking based on equity criteria. We find that while the existing practice is to use average measures to represent how difference are affected by transportation plans, distributional comparison are able to provide for a richer evaluation of individual-level transportation.
Evaluating Transportation Diversity
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Evaluating Transportation Diversity written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Electronic books categories.
Transportation diversity refers to the variety of mobility and accessibility options available in a particular situation, including various modes, services and destinations. A transport system must be diverse in order to serve diverse demands, including the needs of people who cannot, should not or prefer not to drive. Multimodal planning that increases transport system diversity tends to increase efficiency, equity and resilience, and achieve specific planning goals including congestion reduction, infrastructure savings, affordability, improved mobility for non-drivers, traffic safety, increased public fitness and health, environmental protection and support for strategic development objectives. Conventional planning undervalues many of these benefits, resulting in less diverse, more automobile-dependent communities than is optimal. This paper examines consumer demands for non-auto travel options, the roles that various modes play in an efficient and equitable transport system, transport diversity benefits,
The Evaluation Of Transportation Investment Projects
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Author : Joseph Berechman
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2010-05-26
The Evaluation Of Transportation Investment Projects written by Joseph Berechman and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-05-26 with Business & Economics categories.
This book constructs a comprehensive and methodical economic, planning and decision-making framework for the evaluation of proposed transportation infrastructure investment projects, based on well-established theoretical principles.
New Methods Reflections And Application Domains In Transport Appraisal
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2021-04-10
New Methods Reflections And Application Domains In Transport Appraisal written by and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-04-10 with Law categories.
New Methods, Reflections and Application Domains in Transport Appraisal, Volume 7 in the Advances in Transport Policy and Planning series, assesses both successful and unsuccessful practices and policies from around the world. Chapters in this new release include Evaluating transport equity, Participatory Value Evaluation, Sustainability assessment of transport policies, plans and projects, Deliberative appraisal methods, Appraisal methods of public transport projects, Appraisal of cycling and pedestrian projects, Appraisal of Freight Project, Project appraisal methods: tools for optimizing or for informed political debate?, and Research agenda for appraisal methods. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Advances in Transport Policy and Planning series
Standard Transport Appraisal Methods
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2020-11-04
Standard Transport Appraisal Methods written by and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-11-04 with Law categories.
Standard Transport Appraisal Methods, Volume 6 in the Advances in Transport Policy and Planning series, assesses both successful and unsuccessful practices and policies from around the world. Chapters in this new release include Transport models, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Value of Travel Time Savings and reliability, Value of Statistical Life, Wider economic benefits, Multi-criteria analysis, Best-Worst Method, Participatory Value Evaluation, Ex-post evaluation, Sustainability assessment, Evaluating Transport Equity, Environmental Impact Assessment, Decision-Support Systems, Deliberative appraisal methods, Critique on appraisal methods, Appraisal methods in developing countries, Research agenda for appraisal methods, and much more. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Advances in Transport Policy and Planning series
A Companion To Transport Space And Equity
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Author : Robin Hickman
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2019
A Companion To Transport Space And Equity written by Robin Hickman and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Political Science categories.
With social inequity in urban spaces becoming an increasing concern in our modern world, The Elgar Companion to Transport, Space and Equity explores the relationships between transport and social equity. Transport systems and infrastructure investment can lead to inequitable travel behaviours, with certain socio-demographic groups using particular parts of the transport system and accessing particular activities and opportunities.