Evergreening
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Exploring Evergreening
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Author : Hazel V. J. Moir
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Exploring Evergreening written by Hazel V. J. Moir and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Litigated pharmaceutical patents are a valuable source of data on how much inventiveness is required for a patent grant and what are the costs of patents. Although innovation is central to economic growth and the competitiveness of firms, there are few data about either the cost of granted patents or the quantum of inventiveness required for a patent. Two cases of litigated pharmaceutical patents allow investigation of two types of secondary 'evergreening' patents -- new formulations and closely related chemical variants. Both lead to higher Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme outlays, and in some cases, these can be substantial. There are clear policy implications.
Evergreening
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Author : Miguel Faria e Castro
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Evergreening written by Miguel Faria e Castro and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
Evergreening Patent Exclusivity In Pharmaceutical Products
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Author : Frantzeska Papadopoulou
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2021-09-23
Evergreening Patent Exclusivity In Pharmaceutical Products written by Frantzeska Papadopoulou and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-23 with Law categories.
This book analyses 4 central pieces of EU pharmaceutical regulation: the Orphan Drugs Regulation, the Paediatric Regulation, the Supplementary Protection Certificate Regulation, and the ATMP (Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products) Regulation. These four regulatory instruments constitute focal points in the pharmaceutical industry's approach to modern business and legal strategy. Their central role is justified by the way these regulatory instruments interact with each other and with the patent system, and by the considerable impact they (as a whole) have for the evergreening of exclusive rights on pharmaceutical products. The book guides the reader through the latest case law and legislative developments and discusses how these influence strategic legal and business choices in the pharmaceutical industry. It brings to the forefront the often-overlooked significance of the legislative architecture of the EU pharmaceutical regulatory framework, and evaluates its results through the lens of the efficiency test. The book is an important resource for academics and practitioners interested in updated case law and an in-depth analysis of these four regulations. It is also important for those interested in legislative studies, evaluation of legislation and a critical approach to legislative architecture.
Evergreening And Operational Risk Under Price Competition
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Author : Ram Bala
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Evergreening And Operational Risk Under Price Competition written by Ram Bala and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
"Evergreening" is a strategy wherein an innovative pharmaceutical fi rm introduces an upgrade of its current product when the patent on this product expires. The upgrade is introduced with a new patent and is designed to counter competition from generic manufacturers that seek to imitate the firm's existing product. However, this process is fraught with uncertainty because the upgrade is subject to stringent guidelines and faces approval risk. Thus, an incumbent fi rm has to make an upfront production capacity investment without clarity on whether the upgrade will reach the market. This uncertainty may also affect the capacity investment of a competing manufacturer who introduces a generic version of the incumbent's existing product but whose market demand depends on the success or failure of the upgrade. We analyze a game where capacity investment occurs before uncertainty resolution and fi rms compete on prices thereafter. We find that the incumbent will always continue to o ffer its older product even if the upgrade succeeds. Further, it can never deter entry by investing in excess capacity. We fi nd that the incumbent is less likely to invest in evergreening as the intensity of competition in the generic market increases. We also fi nd that the incumbent firm is more likely to invest in evergreening if the entrant faces a capacity constraint than when the entrant does not. Further, we characterize outcomes for a social planner in terms of social surplus and market coverage, by incorporating the risk-return trade-off that the incumbent faces in terms of level of product improvement versus the upgrade success probability. We show that incremental evergreening may be socially optimal when the innovative firm's capacity investment is taken into account, contrary to the prevalent view of regulators who seek to curtail incremental evergreening.
Impact Of Patent Evergreening On Access To Medicine
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Author : Sheikh Sajid
language : en
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
Release Date : 2016-01-06
Impact Of Patent Evergreening On Access To Medicine written by Sheikh Sajid and has been published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-01-06 with categories.
Impact of Patent Evergreenig on Access to Medicine, as the title suggests is a reference book which deals with one of the prominent issues which hinder access to medicine i.e. Evergreening of Patents. Patents on the pharmaceutical product or process may be used to block generic completion by evergreening. This means getting patent on the product which is not novel but a simple change of existing known product. This blocks the access to affordable drugs posing a great threat to Public Health. In the developing world, where few people can afford original patented medicines, evergreening of patents poses a huge threat. This book is for students and scholars who want to understand this issue in depth and want to come up with probable solutions.
Corporate Governance In The 21st Century
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Author : Luke Nottage
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2009-01-01
Corporate Governance In The 21st Century written by Luke Nottage and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-01-01 with Business & Economics categories.
Corporate Governance in the 21st Century is a very useful addition to the literature on corporate governance in Japan. It is worth reading simply because it updates many of the ongoing issues such as adoptions of takeover defenses, appointments of independent directors, and increases in foreign direct investment. It is also useful because it examines corporate governance from the perspectives of business as well as law. Furthermore, it provides the beginnings of a framework through which to understand the process of gradual transformation. Christina L. Ahmadjian, Journal of Japanese Studies An invaluable set of resources for everyone with an interest in corporate governance in Japan. Covering both basic information and recent developments, the collection provides readers with an excellent survey of the complexity of modern corporate governance and its legal setting. . . in Japan. Hideki Kanda, University of Tokyo, Japan The essays in this collection approach Japanese corporate governance in the 2000s from a variety of novel perspectives novel in terms of subject matter, methodology, and points of comparison. The result is a comprehensive portrait of the current dynamics of change and stasis in the institutional environment for Japanese firms. Curtis Milhaupt, Columbia Law School, US The lost decade of economic stagnation in Japan during the 1990s has become a found decade for regulatory and institutional reform. Nowhere is this more evident than in corporate law. In 2005, for example, a spate of reforms to the Commercial Code culminated in the new Company Act, a statute promising greater organisational flexibility and shareholder empowerment for Japanese corporations competing in a more globalised economy. But does this new law herald a more Americanised system of corporate governance? Has Japan embraced shareholder primacy over its traditional loyalty to other key stakeholders such as main banks , core employees, and partners within diffuse corporate (keiretsu) groups? This book argues that a more complex gradual transformation is unfolding in Japan a process evident in many other post-industrial economies. The book brings together contributions from academics and practitioners from Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States. It includes chapters on comparative corporate governance theory and methodology, lifelong employment, the main bank system, board structures, and governance issues in small and medium-sized enterprises. The procedural, substantive and FDI policy dimensions of takeover law and practice are discussed, as well as empirical changes to corporate governance practices in large, publicly listed companies during the past twenty years. The authors rich mix of national, disciplinary and professional backgrounds allows for a broad comparative perspective on developments in Japanese corporate governance. The book will be of great interest to scholars and students of law, business, political economy and Japanese studies, and will also appeal to corporate lawyers and policymakers.
Exploring Evergreening
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Author : Hazel V. J. Moir
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Exploring Evergreening written by Hazel V. J. Moir and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Litigated pharmaceutical patents are a valuable source of data on how much inventiveness is required for a patent grant and what are the costs of patents. Although innovation is central to economic growth and the competitiveness of firms, there are few data about either the cost of granted patents or the quantum of inventiveness required for a patent. Two cases of litigated pharmaceutical patents allow investigation of two types of 'evergreening' patents - new formulations and closely related chemical variants. Both lead to higher health costs, and in some cases these can be substantial. Both types of evergreening patent point to the very low standard of inventiveness required for patent grant. Although the data refer to Australia, there are implications for patent policy in other jurisdictions too.
Interpreting Trips
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Author : Hiroko Yamane
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2011-03-21
Interpreting Trips written by Hiroko Yamane and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-03-21 with Law categories.
Protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) has become a global issue. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Agreement outlines the minimum standards for IPR protection for WTO members and offers a global regime for IPR protection. However, the benefits of TRIPS are more questionable in poorer countries where national infrastructure for research and development (R&D) and social protection are inadequate, whereas the cost of innovation is high. Today, after more than a decade of intense debate over global IPR protection, the problems remain acute, although there is also evidence of progress and cooperation. This book examines various views of the role of IPRs as incentives for innovation against the backdrop of development and the transfer of technology between globalised, knowledge-based, high technology economies. The book retraces the origins, content and interpretations of the TRIPS Agreement, including its interpretations by WTO dispute settlement organs. It also analyses sources of controversy over IPRs, examining pharmaceutical industry strategies of emerging countries with different IPR policies. The continuing international debate over IPRs is examined in depth, as are TRIPS rules and the controversy about implementing the 'flexibilities' of the Agreement in the light of national policy objectives. The author concludes that for governments in developing countries, as well as for their business and scientific communities, a great deal depends on domestic policy objectives and their implementation. IPR protection should be supporting domestic policies for innovation and investment. This, in turn requires a re-casting of the debate about TRIPS, to place cooperation in global and efficient R&D at the heart of concerns over IPR protection.
For The Love Of Soil
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Author : Nicole Masters
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019-10-15
For The Love Of Soil written by Nicole Masters and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-10-15 with categories.
Learn a roadmap to healthy soil and revitalised food systems to powerfully address these times of challenge. This book equips producers with knowledge, skills and insights to regenerate ecosystem health and grow farm/ranch profits. Learn how to: - Triage soil health and act to fast-track soil and plant health-Build healthy resilient soil systems-Develop a deeper understanding of microbial and mineral synergies-Read what weeds and diseases are communicating about soil and plant health-Create healthy, productive and profitable landscapes.Globally recognised soil advocate and agroecologist Nicole Masters delivers the solution to rewind the clock on this increasingly critical soil crisis in her first book, For the Love of Soil. She argues we can no longer treat soil like dirt. Instead, we must take a soil-first approach to regenerate landscapes, restore natural cycles, and bring vitality back to ecosystems. This book translates the often complex and technical know-how of soil into more digestible terms through case studies from regenerative farmers, growers, and ranchers in Australasia and North America. Along with sharing key soil health principles and restoration tools, For the Love of Soil provides land managers with an action plan to kickstart their soil resource's well-being, no matter the scale."For years many of us involved in regenerative agriculture have been touting the soil health - plant health - animal health - human health connection but no one has tied them all together like Nicole does in "For the love of Soil"! " Gabe Brown, Browns Ranch, Nourished by Nature. "William Gibson once said that "the future is here - it is just not evenly distributed." "Nicole modestly claims that the information in the book is not new thinking, but her resynthesis of the lessons she has learned and refined in collaboration with regenerative land-managers is new, and it is powerful." Says Abe Collins, cofounder of LandStream and founder of Collins Grazing. "She lucidly shares lessons learned from the deep-topsoil futures she and her farming and ranching partners manage for and achieve."The case studies, science and examples presented a compelling testament to the global, rapidly growing soil health movement. "These food producers are taking actions to imitate natural systems more closely," says Masters. "... they are rewarded with more efficient nutrient, carbon, and water cycles; improved plant and animal health, nutrient density, reduced stress, and ultimately, profitability."In spite of the challenges food producers face, Masters' book shows even incredibly degraded landscapes can be regenerated through mimicking natural systems and focusing on the soil first. "Our global agricultural production systems are frequently at war with ecosystem health and Mother Nature," notes Terry McCosker of Resource Consulting Services in Australia. "In this book, Nicole is declaring peace with nature and provides us with the science and guidelines to join the regenerative agriculture movement while increasing profits."Buy this book today to take your farm or ranch to the next level!
Patent Evergreening
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Author : John R. Thomas
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Patent Evergreening written by John R. Thomas and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Intellectual property categories.