Examining Multigenerational Effects Of Ocean Acidification On The Pacific Oyster
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Examining Multigenerational Effects Of Ocean Acidification On The Pacific Oyster
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Author : Daniel Jacob Gillon
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Examining Multigenerational Effects Of Ocean Acidification On The Pacific Oyster written by Daniel Jacob Gillon and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Ocean Acidification Influences On Physiology And Epigenetics In The Pacific Oyster Crassostrea Gigas
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Author : Yaamini Ranjani Venkataraman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Ocean Acidification Influences On Physiology And Epigenetics In The Pacific Oyster Crassostrea Gigas written by Yaamini Ranjani Venkataraman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
As ocean acidification continues to impact marine ecosystems at unprecedented rates, phenotypicplasticity may allow organisms to withstand more stressful conditions. Genomic methods can elucidate molecular mechanisms that contribute to phenotypic plasticity, allowing for a deeper understanding of how physiological processes will be impacted by low pH. My dissertation examines the effects of ocean acidification on the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) stress response and reproduction; elucidate how exposure history impacts phenotype; and explore the role of functional role DNA methylation in somatic and reproductive tissue. I investigated the effect of regional environmental variation on the molecular physiology of C. gigas outplanted at five different estuarine sites (four in Puget Sound, one in Willapa Bay) in Washington, USA using gel-free proteomic methods. While there was no difference in survival, or any protein abundances due to pH differences between sites, C. gigas outplanted at the site with the highest temperature had significantly higher abundances of antioxidant enzymes and molecular chaperones, elucidating the molecular underpinnings of thermotolerance. In a hatchery setting, I explored the impact of ocean acidification on reproductive maturity and output. A seven week low pH exposure did not affect sex ratio or maturation stage; however, it did significantly affect survival of larvae. Even though adult oysters spent four months in ambient pH conditions between low pH exposure and strip spawning, larvae from females that experienced low pH conditions had significantly higher mortality. Finally, I conducted the first investigations examining the effect of ocean acidification in C. gigas methylomes. To investigate the role of environmentally-responsive methylation in reproductive tissue, I analyzed gonad methylomes of female C. gigas exposed to low pH. A total of 1,599 differentially methylated loci (DML) were found in gene bodies. The genic DML were associated with cilium movement, development, and cytoskeletal processes, implying a need to regulate cellular growth in the gonad in response to low pH. I then explored the influence of low pH on the somatic tissue methylome using diploid and triploid oyster ctenidia. Differences in ploidy status yielded 154 DML. These ploidy-DML were associated with cell-cell adhesion and dephosphorlylation processes, which are not commonly associated with methylome changes in organisms that undergo natural polyploidization. The 178 pH-DML were associated with processes commonly observed in oysters exposed to ocean acidification, including apoptosis, protein ubiquitination, zinc ion binding, and cytoskeletal processes. In both reproductive and somatic tissue, the enrichment of DML in genes with multiple transcripts could indicate a role for methylation to regulate gene expression via alternative splicing. Investigating the molecular underpinnings of responses to ocean acidification in C. gigas will provide a thorough understanding of this global aquaculture product’s ability to withstand future ocean conditions.
The Effects Of Ocean Acidification On Multiple Life History Stages Of The Pacific Oyster Crassostrea Gigas
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Author : Emma B. Timmins-Schiffman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
The Effects Of Ocean Acidification On Multiple Life History Stages Of The Pacific Oyster Crassostrea Gigas written by Emma B. Timmins-Schiffman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Ocean acidification categories.
As global climate change accelerates, due in large part to increasing emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from fossil fuel use, agriculture, and large-scale changes in land use, natural ecosystems bear the consequences. For marine systems these include increased mean seawater temperature, changes in carbonate chemistry equilibria, and increased pollutant loading due to non-point run-off, among other effects. Human-induced environmental changes will not have the same magnitude of effect in all regions, but on average the changes occurring are rapid and significant. Natural populations will either need to acclimatize and/or adapt, or shift their ranges to enable continued existence. This dissertation explores the effects of ocean acidification on the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Oysters are sedentary and inhabit a naturally variable environment (the intertidal zone) and thus may be pre-adapted to withstand rapid environmental change. Oysters and similarly sedentary organisms are ideal for investigating the effects of environmental change on biology because they are not able to escape these changes, but must respond physiologically (acclimatize) if they are to survive. Due to this ecological history, oysters provide a model that allows us to explore potential physiological mechanisms that are needed in a response to specific environmental changes as well as the limits of these mechanisms. In the first chapter, the effects of elevated partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2, a major driver of ocean acidification) on oyster larvae are explored. Larvae were exposed to low pH during early development, a period that included the transition from energetic dependence on maternally derived lipids to dependence on exogenous resources. Larvae were found to experience a developmental delay at elevated pCO2, manifested as smaller size and slower rate of shell deposition. These significant effects of ocean acidification on early larval development may indicate a bottleneck in the oyster life cycle as the pH of marine waters decreases. Subsequent research has shown that these effects at early larval stages can carry over into later stages after settlement in another oyster species (Hettinger et al. 2012). In order to better understand the effects of environmental change on oyster physiology, we developed proteomic tools to explore changes in protein pathways in oyster gill (ctenidia) tissue. The second chapter explores the gill proteome (suite of expressed proteins) of adult oysters. Characterization of the proteome provides insight into the physiological mechanisms that may be available to the oyster during response to an environmental stress. The results revealed that the ctenidia proteome includes a diverse array of proteins that accomplish many functions and that it is a metabolically active tissue. The proteome sequencing lays the groundwork for exploring how ocean acidification affects various proteomic pathways in the tissue that acts as the interface between the oyster and its environment. Lastly, the adult oyster response to ocean acidification and a second stress are explored via proteomics, fatty acid profiles, glycogen content, shell microstructure, and mortality in response to heat shock. There was a significant impact of ocean acidification on oyster shell integrity, but no effects after one month of exposure on relative amounts of fatty acid, glycogen or response to acute heat shock. Through the proteomic analysis, we revealed an active and significant proteomic response to ocean acidification exposure, uncovering some of the mechanisms behind the observed macro-phenotypic changes. Additionally, the proteomic response to mechanical stimulation was largely altered between low and high pCO2, suggesting that ocean acidification can fundamentally change how oysters respond to a second stress.
Potential Transgenerational Effects Of Ocean Acidification And Hypoxia On The Olympia Oyster Ostrea Lurida
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Author : Bryanda J. T. Wippel
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Potential Transgenerational Effects Of Ocean Acidification And Hypoxia On The Olympia Oyster Ostrea Lurida written by Bryanda J. T. Wippel and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Ocean acidification (OA) is decreasing the pH of surface waters in Puget Sound, Washington, an area already prone to low pH from natural processes such as upwelling, freshwater inputs, and high respiration/decomposition rates. High rates of production and long residence times in Puget Sound can also lead to low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (hypoxia) in some areas. Studies have shown the negative effects of these stressors on marine organisms, particularly calcifiers. I examined how changes in pH and oxygen in seawater affect adult fecundity and larval survival of the native Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida). Through three discrete trials, I observed the following trends: Adult oysters conditioned at ~400 μatm released significantly more larvae than those conditioned at higher pCO2 levels ranging from 1000 to 2475 μatm pCO2. Larval survival decreased in two multi-stressor treatments when challenged with varying combinations of pCO2 and DO. Offspring of parents conditioned under high pCO2 experienced reduced survival when exposed to both high pCO2 and low DO (14.7% survival). In addition, progeny of adults conditioned under low pCO2 died when exposed to high pCO2 and high DO (22% survival). Our results suggest that elevated pCO2 negatively affects fecundity in O. lurida but that the synergistic effects of high CO2 and low DO on larval survival is more complicated than previously reported. Multigenerational, multi-stressor studies such as this are important in determining how species will respond to an environmental change in the ocean.
Physiological Response Of Shellfish Native To The North American Pacific Coast To Ocean Acidification And Warming
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Author : Laura H. Spencer
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Physiological Response Of Shellfish Native To The North American Pacific Coast To Ocean Acidification And Warming written by Laura H. Spencer and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
Following observations of shifting ocean conditions an enormous scientific effort has explored the response of marine species to ocean acidification and warming. Empirical data has established that many species are vulnerable to ocean conditions projected for this century, particularly calcifying invertebrates, affecting a range of physiological processes over the lifetime of an organism. However, these studies also indicate that biological responses are quite variable, related to an organism's genetic and environmental ancestries. Some species are more tolerant to the effects of acidification than others, as are some populations within species. There is also evidence that transgenerational carryover effects may alleviate some negative effects by buffering future generations against challenging conditions. The future of marine ecosystems and food systems hinges in part upon our ability to identify, conserve, and invest in individuals that can tolerate shifting ocean conditions, and to understand the role of transgenerational carryover effects in shaping future populations. The aim of this dissertation work is to examine the physiological and molecular responses of two invertebrate species native to the North American Pacific Coast, the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) and Pacific geoduck (Panopea generosa), to ocean acidification and warming. Both species inhabit dynamic, heterogeneous estuarine environments that are influenced by coastal upwelling, and through adaptation and/or carryover effects may be relatively tolerant of ocean change. By testing multiple species, populations, life stages, and generations I provide evidence that these Pacific Coast natives are uniquely equipped for the effects of ocean acidification, and that warming will be a more impactful, but not necessarily negative, driver of physiological changes. Chapter 1 characterizes the proteomes of Pacific geoduck in varying natural environments and habitat-specific pH conditions. Juvenile geoduck were deployed in eelgrass and adjacent unvegetated habitats for 30 days while pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity were monitored. Across the four deployment locations pH was lower in unvegetated habitats compared to eelgrass habitats. While geoduck growth and proteomes were not affected by pH, they were sensitive to temperature and dissolved oxygen, but neither affected survival rates. Chapter 1 demonstrates that geoduck may be resilient to acidification in a natural setting and temperature may have a greater influence on geoduck physiology. Chapter 2 examines the intra- and inter-generational carryover effects of ocean warming in the Olympia oyster. In many species reproductive and metabolic processes are tightly linked to the seasonal change from winter to spring, yet we know little about how these processes will shift as winters become milder. Therefore, in Chapter 2 I exposed adult Olympia oysters to elevated winter temperature and monitored effects to reproduction and offspring viability in spring. Parental exposure to warming did not affect overall larval production or survival, however it did increase the size and development of gametes, and the size of larval offspring. In the wild more developed gametes and larger larvae following milder winters could greatly impact recruitment patterns, possibly benefitting O. lurida populations. The results of Chapter 2 suggest that O. lurida is at minimum resilient to winter warming, and at best could benefit from it due to improved larval viability. Chapter 3 continues exploring carryover effects in the Olympia oyster by examining the effects of combined ocean warming and acidification across three distinct O. lurida populations. Larval production was higher and began sooner following winter warming, was reduced by acidification, but was unaffected by combined stressors. Offspring of parents exposed to acidification, which were reared in common conditions for one year, had higher survival rates when tested in the field. Results of Chapter 3 indicate that altered recruitment patterns may follow warmer winters due to a prolonged reproductive season and/or increased production, but these effects may be masked by coincidental high pCO2. Furthermore, Olympia oysters may be more resilient in certain environments when progenitors are pre-conditioned in stressful conditions. This carryover effect demonstrates that parental conditions can have substantial ecologically relevant impacts that should be considered when predicting impacts of environmental change. Chapter 4 further describes three O. lurida populations’ responses to acidification by examining growth, reproductive development, gene expression, and signals in offspring. Responses reveal energetic trade-offs that range from a robust transcriptional response in one population (Dabob Bay) without impacts to growth or reproduction, to no detectable transcriptional response but negative impacts to growth and reproduction in another (Oyster Bay). While exposure to acidification did not affect gene expression in the next generation's larval stage, it did increase larval size in the Oyster Bay, which could partially alleviate negative effects of acidification in the wild in that population. Given the distinct transcriptional response of the Dabob Bay population to acidification and its high survival rates in previous studies, we identified genes unique to that population, which provide insight into the mechanisms behind a stress-tolerant oyster population. Chapter 4 provides the first description of molecular processes responsive to acidification in an Ostrea spp, and demonstrates that species inhabiting heterogeneous environments, even on small geographic scales, offer natural reservoirs of biodiversity. This dissertation work reveals the resilience of bivalves native to the Northeast Pacific Ocean to ocean change, and suggests that that Olympia oyster and Pacific geoduck are good candidates for aquaculture investment and conservation efforts. Furthermore, population-specific responses and carryover effects observed in Olympia oyster suggests that both fine-scale genetic structure and parental priming can influence how an organism responds to ocean change, and should be considered by conservationists and managers, and in future studies.
The Economic Impact Of Ocean Acidification On Pacific Oysters
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Author : Gary A. Eaton
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
The Economic Impact Of Ocean Acidification On Pacific Oysters written by Gary A. Eaton and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Ocean acidification categories.
Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, our atmosphere has continued to experience increased levels of CO2 concentrations and with it, changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. These changes in the carbonate chemistry of seawater, a process known as ocean acidification (OA), threaten some species upon which some economies are largely dependent for economic activity. This thesis uses the best available data to summarize the Washington State shellfish economy and estimate potential impacts of OA on Pacific oyster demand. The analysis evaluates the economic impact of OA on demand using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model approach to estimate short-run and long-run impacts. Although initial research attempted to assess the impacts of OA on Pacific oyster supply, findings from this study suggest that long-run decreases in carbonate chemistry may negatively impact the demand for Pacific oysters. As the waters used to grow Pacific oysters in Washington State continue to degrade as a result of OA, substantial losses in economic activity from Pacific oysters may be lost. On the west coast, oysters appear to be a luxury good with demand highly responsive to changes in income. Pacific oysters are moderately sensitive to price, indicating demand for oysters is elastic.
Impacts Of Ocean Acidification And Mitigative Hydrated Lime Addition On Pacific Oyster Larvae
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Author : Carolyn Susanne Duckham
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Impacts Of Ocean Acidification And Mitigative Hydrated Lime Addition On Pacific Oyster Larvae written by Carolyn Susanne Duckham and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Ocean acidification categories.
Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are rapidly altering marine chemistry, significantly impacting calcifying organisms' ability to produce and maintain shells. In the Pacific Northwest, shellfish hatcheries have already observed mass die offs of larvae, potentially from ocean acidification. This study aims to elucidate if hydrated lime can be used at the hatchery level to chemically reverse ocean acidification and its negative impacts on larval stages of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. For 24 days, larvae were exposed to four treatments: ambient - 390 ppm, ocean acidified - 1500 ppm, limed-ambient and limed-ocean acidified treatments to meet pre-industrial levels ~280 ppm. Hydrated lime significantly increased larval shell length after two weeks of development, but did not affect survival or percent abnormality between treatments. Investigations into mitigative lime use appear cost effective and feasible for shellfish hatcheries under future CO2 scenarios, but requires more extensive research at the hatchery level, and for other species.
Ocean Acidification And Disease
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Author : Elene Marie Dorfmeier
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Ocean Acidification And Disease written by Elene Marie Dorfmeier and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Ocean acidification categories.
Vibrio tubiashii (Vt) is a causative agent of vibriosis in molluscan bivalves. Recent re-emergence of vibriosis in economically valuable shellfish, such as the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in Washington State, has increased the urgency to understand the ecology of this pathogen. It is currently unknown how predicted environmental changes associated with ocean acidification, such as elevated surface seawater temperature, increased partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), and Vt abundance will impact marine organismal health and disease susceptibility. This study investigates how environmental cues predicted with ocean acidification influence physiological changes and pathogenicity in Vt. Using laboratory experiments to manipulate temperature and pCO2, we examined how these environmental factors influenced pathogen growth. Larval susceptibility to vibriosis was determined by exposing C. gigas larvae to a combination of elevated pCO2 and Vt concentrations. These experiments provide insight into the environmental parameters that may drive pathogenicity or influence proliferation of the bacterium. Investigation of single and multivariate parameters such as temperature, pCO2, and pathogen levels will help assess how predicted shifts in ocean conditions can impact shellfish survival and disease resistance.
Examining Effects Of Ocean Acidification On Extracellular Release In Emiliania Huxleyi Strains
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Author : Kristine Mika Okimura
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Examining Effects Of Ocean Acidification On Extracellular Release In Emiliania Huxleyi Strains written by Kristine Mika Okimura and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Coccolithus huxleyi categories.
Insights From Stable Isotope Dynamics Into The Sensitivity Of Larval Pacific Oysters To Ocean Acidification
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Author : Elizabeth Lev Brunner
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Insights From Stable Isotope Dynamics Into The Sensitivity Of Larval Pacific Oysters To Ocean Acidification written by Elizabeth Lev Brunner and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Carbon categories.
Larvae of the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas, at Whiskey Creek Shellfish Hatchery (WCH) in Netarts Bay, Oregon, are negatively impacted by high-CO2 water and exposure during the initial shell formation period appears to be particularly damaging. To investigate the mechanism of this early susceptibility, several cohorts of larvae at WCH were monitored for stable isotope incorporation and biochemical composition: one in May 2011 and two in August 2011. The observations presented here focus on the isotopic shifts associated with initiation and rate of feeding, and the catabolism of C-rich (lipid) and N-rich (protein) pools. Persistent ontological patterns in bulk composition among the cohorts suggest that the creation of the initial shell is energetically expensive, and that the major energetic source during this period is maternally-derived egg lipids. The May cohort did not isotopically reflect their food source as rapidly as the August cohorts, indicating slower feeding, higher metabolic demand or lower maternal energy investments. All cohorts turned over organic carbon faster than organic nitrogen. Shell carbon isotopes of all cohorts show a decreasing dependence on ambient dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) carbon with time and subtle differences in this trend between the May and August cohorts are explored. Patterns in shell [delta]13C suggest greater exposure to ambient conditions during initial shell development, which could be an important process linking ambient carbonate chemistry and larval susceptibility. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images are used to document the initial shell formation. Kinetic isotope fractionation, dissolved organic matter (DOM) utilization, and the dissolvability of shell microstructures are also briefly considered in the context of larval susceptibility.