Experience Dependent Refinement Of Maps And Population Codes In Primary Somatosensory Cortex
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Experience Dependent Refinement Of Maps And Population Codes In Primary Somatosensory Cortex
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Author : Amy M LeMessurier
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Experience Dependent Refinement Of Maps And Population Codes In Primary Somatosensory Cortex written by Amy M LeMessurier and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Sensory experience can powerfully alter the spatial and temporal organization of population codes in the brain throughout an animal's lifetime. In this dissertation I focus on how changes in sensory experience, by learning or environmental enrichment, alter sensory map topography in rodent primary sensory cortex. In Chapter 1 I review recent advances in our understanding of how perceptual learning and related sensory manipulations shape the structure of primary sensory cortex maps across multiple sensory modalities. Classic studies of map plasticity in primary sensory cortex have shown that experience shapes sensory tuning in individual neurons and at the average population level. But effective neural population codes depend on more than just sensory tuning in individual cells averaged over time. With population calcium imaging, activity can be measured simultaneously in large ensembles of neurons during behavior. This and related techniques make it possible to study changes in the single-cell level organization of sensory coding, as well as high-dimensional codes that depend on the activity of large ensembles of cells, and which may change with behavioral context. Here I review recent population calcium imaging and recording studies that have characterized population codes in sensory cortex, and tracked how they change with sensory manipulations and training on perceptual learning tasks. These studies confirm average sensory tuning changes observed in earlier studies, but also reveal other features of plasticity, including sensory gain modulation, restructuring of firing correlations, and differential routing of information to output pathways. Unexpectedly strong day-to-day variation exists in single-neuron sensory tuning, which stabilizes during learning. These are novel dimensions of plasticity in sensory cortex, which refine population codes during learning, but whose mechanisms are unknown. Most of what is known about how sensory experience shapes maps is based on studies that have used robust sensory manipulations, such as deprivation, chronic over-stimulation, or explicit pairing of a sensory stimulus with a reward or punishment, as in the studies discussed in Chapter 1. However, much less is known about how maps are refined by natural behavior-driven sensory experience. To understand how natural tactile experience influences map development, We studied the effects of tactile enrichment on the organization of the whisker map in mouse primary somatosensory cortex (S1), which is highly plastic throughout life and which contains an anatomically well-defined map of the whiskers. Mice were raised with enrichment (EN) or normal housing (CT) beginning at weaning (P21). We focused our study on Layer 2/3 (L2/3), which is particularly plastic and which has a “salt-and-pepper” organization of whisker tuning, and Layer 4 (L4), which contains the anatomical map of the whiskers. The genetically-encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6s was expressed virally in L2/3 or L4 excitatory cells using cell-type and layer-specific Cre mice. At P62 ± 13 days, we measured neuronal responses to 9 whiskers using 2-photon imaging through a chronic cranial window. After imaging was complete, cells were localized relative to anatomical barrel column boundaries corresponding to the whiskers in the stimulus set. Within a single anatomical column in both L2/3 and L4 excitatory cells, cells were heterogeneously tuned to different whiskers. Enrichment increased somatotopic precision (the fraction of cells within a certain radius that were anatomically tuned) in both layers near the centers of anatomical columns. Enrichment also sharpened whisker tuning curves in both layers, and essentially increased signal-to-noise of whisker coding in L2/3 by decreasing spontaneous activity while maintaining response magnitudes for columnar whiskers. In L2/3, point representations (the density and spatial spread of neurons responding to a whisker) were sharpened by increased whisker responses among cells located close to column centers. To study the impact of enrichment on the spatial and temporal structure of population coding, we compared pairwise noise and signal correlations in whisker-evoked activity within each column. In L2/3, signal correlations – which reflect overall tuning similarity – were similar in EN and CT for pairs within columns, though signal correlations were higher in EN for pairs located further apart. However, for pairs of neurons located across column boundaries but at similar distances, signal correlations were dramatically decreased in EN, while comparable to in-column levels in CT. In both groups, noise correlations – which reflect shared trial-by-trial variability that is independent of the stimulus – decreased sharply with distance between neurons. For pairs of cells across column boundaries in CT mice, signal and noise correlations exhibited the same relationships with inter-cell distance as within column pairs; however, In EN mice, cross-column signal and noise correlations were substantially reduced compared to in-column pairs. Essentially, enrichment induced reorganization of functional correlations along anatomical column boundaries. This suggests that enrichment may selectively alter connectivity and/or shared synaptic input according to column boundaries. These findings demonstrate a strong impact of juvenile sensory experience on functional columnar topography and organization in S1, and indicate that enrichment sharpens whisker representations at the population level in L2/3.
Connectivity And Functional Specialization In The Brain
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Author : Thomas Heinbockel
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2021-06-02
Connectivity And Functional Specialization In The Brain written by Thomas Heinbockel and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-02 with Medical categories.
‘Connectivity and Functional Specialization in the Brain’ is a topic that describes nerve cells in terms of their anatomical and functional connections. The term connectome refers to a comprehensive map of neural connections, like a wiring diagram of an organism’s nervous system. Connectomics, the study of connectomes, can be applied to individual neurons and their synaptic connections, as well as to connections between neuronal populations or to functional and structural connectivity of different brain regions. This book addresses neural connectivity at these various scales in health and disease. The chapters review novel findings related to neuroanatomy and cell biology, neurophysiology, neural plasticity, changes of connectivity in neurological disorders, and sensory system connectivity. The book provides the reader with an overview of the current state-of-the-art of research of neural connectivity and focuses on the most important evidence-based developments in this area. Individual chapters focus on recent advances in specific areas of neural connectivity and in different brain regions. All chapters represent recent contributions to the rapidly developing field of neural connectivity.
Neural Plasticity And Disorders Of The Nervous System
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Author : Aage R. Møller
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2006-02-23
Neural Plasticity And Disorders Of The Nervous System written by Aage R. Møller and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-02-23 with Medical categories.
This 2006 book describes how expression of neural plasticity can cause symptoms of disorder and disease instead of being beneficial.
Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity
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Author : Melanie A. Woodin
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2010-11-02
Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity written by Melanie A. Woodin and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-11-02 with Medical categories.
This volume will explore the most recent findings on cellular mechanisms of inhibitory plasticity and its functional role in shaping neuronal circuits, their rewiring in response to experience, drug addiction and in neuropathology. Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity will be of particular interest to neuroscientists and neurophysiologists.
Statistical Parametric Mapping The Analysis Of Functional Brain Images
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Author : William D. Penny
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2011-04-28
Statistical Parametric Mapping The Analysis Of Functional Brain Images written by William D. Penny and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-04-28 with Psychology categories.
In an age where the amount of data collected from brain imaging is increasing constantly, it is of critical importance to analyse those data within an accepted framework to ensure proper integration and comparison of the information collected. This book describes the ideas and procedures that underlie the analysis of signals produced by the brain. The aim is to understand how the brain works, in terms of its functional architecture and dynamics. This book provides the background and methodology for the analysis of all types of brain imaging data, from functional magnetic resonance imaging to magnetoencephalography. Critically, Statistical Parametric Mapping provides a widely accepted conceptual framework which allows treatment of all these different modalities. This rests on an understanding of the brain's functional anatomy and the way that measured signals are caused experimentally. The book takes the reader from the basic concepts underlying the analysis of neuroimaging data to cutting edge approaches that would be difficult to find in any other source. Critically, the material is presented in an incremental way so that the reader can understand the precedents for each new development. This book will be particularly useful to neuroscientists engaged in any form of brain mapping; who have to contend with the real-world problems of data analysis and understanding the techniques they are using. It is primarily a scientific treatment and a didactic introduction to the analysis of brain imaging data. It can be used as both a textbook for students and scientists starting to use the techniques, as well as a reference for practicing neuroscientists. The book also serves as a companion to the software packages that have been developed for brain imaging data analysis. An essential reference and companion for users of the SPM software Provides a complete description of the concepts and procedures entailed by the analysis of brain images Offers full didactic treatment of the basic mathematics behind the analysis of brain imaging data Stands as a compendium of all the advances in neuroimaging data analysis over the past decade Adopts an easy to understand and incremental approach that takes the reader from basic statistics to state of the art approaches such as Variational Bayes Structured treatment of data analysis issues that links different modalities and models Includes a series of appendices and tutorial-style chapters that makes even the most sophisticated approaches accessible
Brain Mechanisms In Sensory Substitution
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Author : Paul Bach-y-Rita
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1972
Brain Mechanisms In Sensory Substitution written by Paul Bach-y-Rita and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1972 with Artificial vision categories.
Beyond Evolutionary Psychology
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Author : George Ellis
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2018
Beyond Evolutionary Psychology written by George Ellis and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Psychology categories.
This book presents a compelling unifying theory of which aspects of the brain are innate and which are not.
Development Of The Visual System
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Author : Retina Research Foundation (U.S.). Symposium
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1991
Development Of The Visual System written by Retina Research Foundation (U.S.). Symposium and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Neuroreguladores categories.
Development of the Visual System presents a selection of current studies that clearly illustrate principles of visual system development. These range from retinal development in fish and frogs to the effects of abnormal visual experience on the primary visual cortex of the cat. The book is unique in addressing four specific and fundamental aspects of development: cell lineage and cell fate, specificity and targeting of axons, specification of visual cortex, and correlates of the critical period. Encompassing technical advances in cellular and molecular biology and in video imaging and microscopy, contributions in each of these areas provide new information at the cellular and molecular levels to complement the now classic descriptions of visual development previously available at the level of neural systems.ContributorsKaren L. Allendoerfer, David M. Altshuler, Antonella Antonini, Seymour Benzer, Edward M. Callaway, Constance L. Cepko, Hollis T. Cline, Max S. Cynader, N. W. Daw, Scott E. Fraser, K. Fox, Eckhard Friauf, Anirvan Ghosh, R. W. Guillery, William A. Harris, Christine E. Holt, Lawrence C. Katz, Susan McConnell, Pamela A. Raymond, Thomas A. Reh, Carla J. Shatz, Michael P. Stryker, Claudia A. 0. Stuermer, Mriganka Sur, David L. Turner, T. N. Wiesel
The Auditory Cortex
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Author : Jeffery A. Winer
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2010-12-02
The Auditory Cortex written by Jeffery A. Winer and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-12-02 with Science categories.
There has been substantial progress in understanding the contributions of the auditory forebrain to hearing, sound localization, communication, emotive behavior, and cognition. The Auditory Cortex covers the latest knowledge about the auditory forebrain, including the auditory cortex as well as the medial geniculate body in the thalamus. This book will cover all important aspects of the auditory forebrain organization and function, integrating the auditory thalamus and cortex into a smooth, coherent whole. Volume One covers basic auditory neuroscience. It complements The Auditory Cortex, Volume 2: Integrative Neuroscience, which takes a more applied/clinical perspective.
Associative Memory Cells Basic Units Of Memory Trace
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Author : Jin-Hui Wang
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2019-09-10
Associative Memory Cells Basic Units Of Memory Trace written by Jin-Hui Wang and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-09-10 with Medical categories.
This book focuses on associative memory cells and their working principles, which can be applied to associative memories and memory-relevant cognitions. Providing comprehensive diagrams, it presents the author's personal perspectives on pathology and therapeutic strategies for memory deficits in patients suffering from neurological diseases and psychiatric disorders. Associative learning is a common approach to acquire multiple associated signals, including knowledge, experiences and skills from natural environments or social interaction. The identification of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying associative memory is important in furthering our understanding of the principles of memory formation and memory-relevant behaviors as well as in developing therapeutic strategies that enhance memory capacity in healthy individuals and improve memory deficit in patients suffering from neurological disease and psychiatric disorders. Although a series of hypotheses about neural substrates for associative memory has been proposed, numerous questions still need to be addressed, especially the basic units and their working principle in engrams and circuits specific for various memory patterns. This book summarizes the developments concerning associative memory cells reported in current and past literature, providing a valuable overview of the field for neuroscientists, psychologists and students.