Exploring Factors Impacting The Implementation Of Community Based Malaria Control Malaria Burden And Surveillance In Southern Malawi
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Exploring Factors Impacting The Implementation Of Community Based Malaria Control Malaria Burden And Surveillance In Southern Malawi
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Author : Tinashe A. Tizifa
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2024
Exploring Factors Impacting The Implementation Of Community Based Malaria Control Malaria Burden And Surveillance In Southern Malawi written by Tinashe A. Tizifa and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024 with categories.
"Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, with sub-Saharan Africa disproportionately bearing the highest burden. Vector control interventions have been at the forefront, significantly reducing malaria transmission. However, in recent years, global progress against malaria has stalled. Effective control and elimination of malaria in endemic regions necessitates concerted efforts from all stakeholders, including governments, scientists, NGOs, and communities. To facilitate implementation, the WHO developed the Global Technical Strategy for Malaria (GTS) 2016-2030. The GTS emphasises the significance of country ownership and leadership, with active community participation as a crucial factor for accelerating progress through a comprehensive, multisectoral approach. The GTS also emphasises the importance of improved surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation, alongside stratification based on malaria disease burden, to optimise the implementation of malaria interventions. This thesis employed a multidisciplinary research approach to achieve two main objectives in southern Malawi. First, it assessed the impact of community participation in implementing community-based malaria control strategies. Second, it investigated the burden and surveillance of malaria. This thesis demonstrated that utilising trained volunteers and involving local community stakeholders significantly enhanced the implementation of the community-led malaria prevention strategy, improving both fidelity and feasibility. This community-led approach further led to increased community awareness of house improvement (HI) and malaria, as well as enhanced acceptability of the strategy. The electronic data capture system was well-accepted by users and resulted in improvements in data completeness and consistency. Furthermore, the study found that community-based malaria control strategies effectively complemented the existing indoor strategy, as evidenced by the low incidences of malaria, ARIs, and diarrhoea."--
Improving Access To Malaria Prevention And Treatment And Surveillance In Rural Malawi
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Author : Alinune Nathanael Kabaghe
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Improving Access To Malaria Prevention And Treatment And Surveillance In Rural Malawi written by Alinune Nathanael Kabaghe and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
The burden of malaria, in especially rural communities, remains high despite effective diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Low coverage and quality of the interventions reduce the outcome and impact of the existing interventions. With the World Health Organisation (WHO) aiming for universal access to malaria diagnosis, treatment and prevention, factors affecting coverage, quality and use the malaria interventions, in especially rural communities which bear the highest burden of the disease, need to be identified and addressed. In addition, areas with high malaria burden and transmission should be identified at a fine geographical scale to inform decision-making. The work in this thesis explores factors affecting access and quality of malaria diagnosis, treatment and prevention in a rural area in Malawi. Novel approaches for monitoring malaria burden and adequacy of treatment are also explored.
A Participatory Approach For Malaria Control In Southern Malawi
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
A Participatory Approach For Malaria Control In Southern Malawi written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Current trends in the fight against malaria suggest that further progress will be difficult with the use of insecticide-based control measures alone. Without major reductions in the burden of malaria registered in the past few years, the use of additional interventions with synergistic effects on the current standard measures is required. Currently, interest in employing Larval Source Management (LSM) as a complementary tool is growing as it has shown to significantly reduce larval densities and consequently adult populations in settings where it has been applied along other interventions. LSM is commonly executed via 1) habitat modification, which includes physical transformation of a larval habitat through draining, filling and land levelling and 2) larviciding, commonly using an endotoxin-producing bacterial larvicide, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti). Knowledge on the ecology of anopheline larval habitats is therefore important as it informs where LSM should be targeted. Also, knowledge about community acceptance and participation in LSM is important as it affects the scalability and future sustainability of the intervention. The study described in this thesis focused on the potential of community-led LSM in Malawi. Chapter 2 describes the habitat ecology of malaria vectors in the Majete area, southern Malawi. In this area, anopheline larvae develop in habitats with little silt, surrounded by bare-grounds and occupied by culicine larvae. I conclude that larval control should be directed towards such anopheline-productive habitats which sustain malaria transmission. In Chapter 3, I investigated whether application of Bti induces discrimination of treated sites by gravid females seeking oviposition sites. I found that treatment of the sites with the bacterial larvicide does not repel ovipositing females from laying eggs in such sites. This finding implies that the female mosquitoes did not detect the presence of the larvicide in aquatic sites. In Chapter 4, we explored whether application of lower doses (sublethal) of Bti in larval habitats can negatively affect fitness parameters of malaria vectors and hence their ability to successfully transmit malaria. Sublethal Bti doses are likely to occur when applications are done under field conditions, especially by local communities who may lack the desired expertise in comparison with trained experts. Immature and adult life history parameters, including larval survival, adult longevity, wing size and oviposition of An. coluzzii, an important African malaria vector, were assessed in a laboratory setting. Our results show that larval densities were reduced when exposed to the sublethal doses. When exposed to Bti LC70 as larvae, the proportional hazard rate for mortality as adult females was about three times higher than in the control group. At the same LC70 dose rate, the mean wing length of the adult females increased by 12% compared to that of the control group. These findings are valuable as they demonstrate that larval exposure to Bti, even at lower doses, reduces the longevity of emerging adults which also reduces their vectorial capacity as they may not live long enough to effectively transmit the malaria parasite. In Chapter 5, we assessed whether communities would accept and are willing to participate in community-led LSM activities. Specifically, we explored factors that would motivate community acceptance and participation in LSM. Our results show that community involvement in LSM as an additional tool for malaria control increases local awareness of malaria as a health problem, its risk factors and control strategies. The results also show that specially trained members of the community easily accepted the intervention and were more willing to participate in the associated activities than the rest of the community. Further, the findings highlight the need to make activities less demanding in terms of time and labour. It was also observed that the community needs incentives to participate in community-led interventions but though critical, forms and modes of delivery of incentives need to be further studied. In Chapter 6, we investigated whether community involvement in LSM is feasible and can result in reduced larval vector densities. Our results showed that groups from the community, which received tailored training from the research team, participated more actively in the LSM activities than the rest of the community. Also, larviciding using Bti was the more preferred component of LSM by the community than habitat modification. Interestingly, application of Bti reduced larval densities in intervention villages. The findings of this study suggest that community involvement in LSM is only feasible when the community understands their malaria risk factors and control methods. Also, the study demonstrates that community involvement in application of Bti has the potential to reduce larval densities but should be implemented after proper training of the spraying teams. In Chapter 7, the key findings of this research and the implications for community-led LSM in Malawi are addressed and recommendations for future investigations are provided. In conclusion, the results of the research described in this thesis show that participation of communities in LSM is feasible and can reduce the malaria burden via reduced larval densities.
Malaria
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Author : Institute of Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 1991-02-01
Malaria written by Institute of Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991-02-01 with Medical categories.
Malaria is making a dramatic comeback in the world. The disease is the foremost health challenge in Africa south of the Sahara, and people traveling to malarious areas are at increased risk of malaria-related sickness and death. This book examines the prospects for bringing malaria under control, with specific recommendations for U.S. policy, directions for research and program funding, and appropriate roles for federal and international agencies and the medical and public health communities. The volume reports on the current status of malaria research, prevention, and control efforts worldwide. The authors present study results and commentary on the: Nature, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and epidemiology of malaria. Biology of the malaria parasite and its vector. Prospects for developing malaria vaccines and improved treatments. Economic, social, and behavioral factors in malaria control.
Saving Lives Buying Time
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Author : Institute of Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2004-09-09
Saving Lives Buying Time written by Institute of Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-09-09 with Medical categories.
For more than 50 years, low-cost antimalarial drugs silently saved millions of lives and cured billions of debilitating infections. Today, however, these drugs no longer work against the deadliest form of malaria that exists throughout the world. Malaria deaths in sub-Saharan Africaâ€"currently just over one million per yearâ€"are rising because of increased resistance to the old, inexpensive drugs. Although effective new drugs called "artemisinins" are available, they are unaffordable for the majority of the affected population, even at a cost of one dollar per course. Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance examines the history of malaria treatments, provides an overview of the current drug crisis, and offers recommendations on maximizing access to and effectiveness of antimalarial drugs. The book finds that most people in endemic countries will not have access to currently effective combination treatments, which should include an artemisinin, without financing from the global community. Without funding for effective treatment, malaria mortality could double over the next 10 to 20 years and transmission will intensify.
Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6
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Author : King K. Holmes
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2017-11-06
Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6 written by King K. Holmes and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-06 with Medical categories.
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
Investing To Overcome The Global Impact Of Neglected Tropical Diseases
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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2015-08-05
Investing To Overcome The Global Impact Of Neglected Tropical Diseases written by World Health Organization and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-08-05 with Medical categories.
"The presence, or absence, of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) can be seen as a proxy for poverty and for the success of interventions aimed at reducing poverty. Today, coverage of the public-health interventions recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) against NTDs may be interpreted as a proxy for universal health coverage and shared prosperity - in short, a proxy for coverage against neglect. As the world's focus shifts from development to sustainable development, from poverty eradication to shared prosperity, and from disease-specific goals to universal health coverage, control of NTDs will assume an important role towards the target of achieving universal health coverage, including individual financial risk protection. Success in overcoming NTDs is a "litmus test" for universal health coverage against NTDs in endemic countries. The first WHO report on NTDs (2010) set the scene by presenting the evidence for how these interventions had produced results. The second report (2013) assessed the progress made in deploying them and detailed the obstacles to their implementation. This third report analyses for the first time the investments needed to achieve the scale up of implementation required to achieve the targets of the WHO Roadmap on NTDs and universal coverage against NTDs. INVESTING TO OVERCOME THE GLOBAL IMPACT OF NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES presents an investment strategy for NTDs and analyses the specific investment case for prevention, control, elimination and eradication of 12 of the 17 NTDs. Such an analysis is justified following the adoption by the Sixty-sixth World Health Assembly in 2013 of resolution WHA6612 on neglected tropical diseases, which called for sufficient and predictable funding to achieve the Roadmap's targets and sustain control efforts. The report cautions, however, that it is wise investment and not investment alone that will yield success. The report registers progress and challenges and signals those that lie ahead. Climate change is expected to increase the spread of several vector-borne NTDs, notably dengue, transmission of which is directly influenced by temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and climate variability primarily through their effects on the vector. Investments in vector-borne diseases will avoid the potentially catastrophic expenditures associated with their control. The presence of NTDs will thereby signal an early warning system for climate-sensitive diseases. The ultimate goal is to deliver enhanced and equitable interventions to the most marginalized populations in the context of a changing public-health and investment landscape to ensure that all peoples affected by NTDs have an opportunity to lead healthier and wealthier lives."--Publisher's description.
World Malaria Report 2016
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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2017-05-09
World Malaria Report 2016 written by World Health Organization and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-05-09 with Medical categories.
The World Malaria Report 2016 summarizes information received from malaria-endemic countries and other sources and updates the analyses presented in the 2015 report. The World Malaria Report is WHO's flagship malaria publication released each year in December. It assesses global and regional malaria trends, highlights progress towards global targets, and describes opportunities and challenges in controling and eliminating the disease. Most of the data presented in this report is for 2015.
Mosquitopia
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Author : Marcus Hall
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-09-02
Mosquitopia written by Marcus Hall and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-02 with Medical categories.
This edited volume brings together natural scientists, social scientists and humanists to assess if (or how) we may begin to coexist harmoniously with the mosquito. The mosquito is humanity’s deadliest animal, killing over a million people each year by transmitting malaria, yellow fever, Zika and several other diseases. Yet of the 3,500 species of mosquito on Earth, only a few dozen of them are really dangerous—so that the question arises as to whether humans and their mosquito foe can learn to live peacefully with one another. Chapters assess polarizing arguments for conserving and preserving mosquitoes, as well as for controlling and killing them, elaborating on possible consequences of both strategies. This book provides informed answers to the dual question: could we eliminate mosquitoes, and should we? Offering insights spanning the technical to the philosophical, this is the “go to” book for exploring humanity’s many relationships with the mosquito—which becomes a journey to finding better ways to inhabit the natural world. Mosquitopia will be of interest to anyone wanting to explore dependencies between human health and natural systems, while offering novel perspectives to health planners, medical experts, environmentalists and animal rights advocates.
Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 2
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Author : Robert Black
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2016-04-11
Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 2 written by Robert Black and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-04-11 with Medical categories.
The evaluation of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) by the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3) focuses on maternal conditions, childhood illness, and malnutrition. Specifically, the chapters address acute illness and undernutrition in children, principally under age 5. It also covers maternal mortality, morbidity, stillbirth, and influences to pregnancy and pre-pregnancy. Volume 3 focuses on developments since the publication of DCP2 and will also include the transition to older childhood, in particular, the overlap and commonality with the child development volume. The DCP3 evaluation of these conditions produced three key findings: 1. There is significant difficulty in measuring the burden of key conditions such as unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, nonsexually transmitted infections, infertility, and violence against women. 2. Investments in the continuum of care can have significant returns for improved and equitable access, health, poverty, and health systems. 3. There is a large difference in how RMNCH conditions affect different income groups; investments in RMNCH can lessen the disparity in terms of both health and financial risk.