Exploring Low Power Ubiquitous Sensing Using Rf Backscatter
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Exploring Low Power Ubiquitous Sensing Using Rf Backscatter
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Author : Colleen Josephson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Exploring Low Power Ubiquitous Sensing Using Rf Backscatter written by Colleen Josephson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
This thesis explores how RF backscatter can serve as an indispensable tool for designing low-power sensor networks. Low-power techniques allow sensors to be deployed where there is insufficient power or communication infrastructure for traditional sensor nodes. RF backscatter communication consumes an order of magnitude less power than even Bluetooth Low Energy. This dissertation presents three projects that advanced the state-of-the-art in sensing systems that harness RF backscatter. The first two projects, FreeRider and BackCam, describe systems that can backscatter commodity WiFi signals. Instead of having to invest in special-purpose transceivers, we can harness WiFi radios that are already ubiquitous. FreeRider is a backscatter communication platform designed to operate on top of existing ISM-band networks, like 802.11 WiFi. BackCam~\cite{backcam} extends this work by adding a camera sensor to the tag and implementing an edge-based control system. Using RF backscatter makes communication cheap, which allows us to push image processing to the edge. The next project, RayTag, demonstrates how pairing backscatter tags with radars makes the target signal 100-10,000x stronger in amplitude compared to the strongest clutter signal. This allows for simultaneous detection and identification of multiple targets, which is useful for a variety of sensing applications. To demonstrate the potential of RayTag, I show that deploying backscatter tags underground can be used to accurately measure soil moisture. Though I focus on the evaluation of sensing soil moisture, RayTag is not a single-purpose sensing system. Rather, RayTag can be used to enhance a number of existing sensing tasks (e.g. localization) or enable entirely new applications. To that end, this thesis also presents detailed evaluations beyond underground contexts, as well as multiple examples of constructing link budgets. This dissertation further explores a renewable power source for underground backscatter tags. Many backscatter communication systems can harvest their operating power via RF, but this is not practical for underground systems because wet soil attenuates RF too much for harvesting circuits to operate. One potential source of energy are microbes in the soil. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs), sometimes also known as mud or soil batteries, accept electrons that are a byproduct of redox reactions catalyzed by electrogenic microbes naturally occurring in soil. This creates a potential difference across the cathode and anode, which provides a low-cost renewable source of power. In the future, this could allow underground backscatter tags to have an indefinite lifetime.
Ultra Low Voltage Low Power Backscatter Communication And Energy Harvesting For Long Range Battery Free Sensor Tags
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Author : Alexander T. Hoang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Ultra Low Voltage Low Power Backscatter Communication And Energy Harvesting For Long Range Battery Free Sensor Tags written by Alexander T. Hoang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
To achieve economic viability across wide area deployments, many smart cities and agricultural sensing applications require wireless sensing and communication devices with long operating ranges of hundreds of meters to kilometers. Ideally, such sensors would be battery-free to enable unlimited lifetime. Prior work in RF-powered sensor networks has generally focused on achieving either long-range communication, or battery-free operation, but generally not both at the same time. The key system level challenges are the need for efficient RF power capture from incident RF signals, efficient RF power harvesting, and a low-power sensing and communication approach such as backscatter communication that enables data collection at the minimum possible power consumption. This thesis presents four systems that explore the key challenges in this space: (1) a 2.4 GHz RF energy harvesting system leveraging an ultra-low power timer to minimize the RF power required for acold-start; (2) an efficient reduced-size metal-mount sensor tag antenna; (3) a secure microcontroller-based sensor tag with a fiber-optic anti-tamper loop; and finally (4) a 5.8 GHz battery-free sensor tag that is operational at 1km range, having an RF power level of only -23 dBm (5 [micro]W) and a measured cold-start power-up voltage of only 15 mV. These systems each demonstrate innovative design elements that can be combined in different combinations to address challenging long-range,battery-free sensing and communication applications.
Backscattering And Rf Sensing For Future Wireless Communication
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Author : Qammer H. Abbasi
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2021-04-06
Backscattering And Rf Sensing For Future Wireless Communication written by Qammer H. Abbasi and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-04-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Backscattering and RF Sensing for Future Wireless Communication Discover what lies ahead in wireless communication networks with this insightful and forward-thinking book written by experts in the field Backscattering and RF Sensing for Future Wireless Communication delivers a concise and insightful picture of emerging and future trends in increasing the efficiency and performance of wireless communication networks. The book shows how the immense challenge of frequency saturation could be met via the deployment of intelligent planar electromagnetic structures. It provides an in-depth coverage of the fundamental physics behind these structures and assesses the enhancement of the performance of a communication network in challenging environments, like densely populated urban centers. The distinguished editors have included resources from a variety of leading voices in the field who discuss topics such as the engineering of metasurfaces at a large scale, the electromagnetic analysis of planar metasurfaces, and low-cost and reliable backscatter communication. All of the included works focus on the facilitation of the development of intelligent systems designed to enhance communication network performance. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to the evolution of wireless communication networks over the last thirty years, including the imminent saturation of the frequency spectrum An exploration of state-of-the-art techniques that next-generation wireless networks will likely incorporate, including software-controlled frameworks involving artificial intelligence An examination of the scattering of electromagnetic waves by metasurfaces, including how wave propagation differs from traditional bulk materials A treatment of the evolution of artificial intelligence in wireless communications Perfect for researchers in wireless communications, electromagnetics, and urban planning, Backscattering and RF Sensing for Future Wireless Communication will also earn a place in the libraries of government policy makers, technologists, and telecom industry stakeholders who wish to get a head start on understanding the technologies that will enable tomorrow’s wireless communications.
Leveraging Backscatter For Ultra Low Power Wireless Sensing Systems
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Author : Pengyu Zhang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Leveraging Backscatter For Ultra Low Power Wireless Sensing Systems written by Pengyu Zhang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
The past few years have seen a dramatic growth in wireless sensing systems, with millions of wirelessly connected sensors becoming first-class citizens of the Internet. The number of wireless sensing devices is expected to surpass 6.75 billion by 2017, more than the world's population as well as the combined market of smartphones, tablets, and PCs. However, its growth faces two pressing challenges: battery energy density and wireless radio power consumption. Battery energy density looms as a fundamental limiting factor due to slow improvements over the past several decades (3x over 22 years). Wireless radio power consumption is another key challenge because high-speed wireless communication is often far more expensive energy-wise than computation, storage and sensing. To make matters worse, wireless sensing devices are generating an increasing amount of data. These challenges raise a fundamental question --- how should we power and communicate with wireless sensing devices. More specifically, instead of using batteries, can we leverage other energy sources to reduce, if not eliminate, the dependence on batteries? Similarly, instead of optimizing existing wireless radios, can we fundamentally change how radios transmit wireless signals to achieve lower power consumption? A promising technique to address these questions is backscatter --- a primitive that enables RF energy harvesting and ultra-low-power wireless communication. Backscatter has the potential to reduce dependence on batteries because it can obtain energy by rectifying the wireless signals transmitted by a backscatter reader. Backscatter can also work by reflecting existing wireless signals (WiFi, BLE) when these are available nearby. Because signal reflection only consumes uWs of power, backscatter can enable ultra-low-power wireless communication. However, the use of backscatter for communicating with wireless sensing devices presents several challenges. First, decreasing RF power across distance limits the operational range of micro-powered backscatter devices. This raises the question of how to maintain a communication link with a backscatter device despite tiny amount of harvested power. Second, even though the backscatter RF front-end is extremely power-efficient, the computational and sensing overhead on backscatter sensors limit its ability to operate with a few micro-Watts of power. Such overhead is a negligible factor of overall power consumption for platforms where radio power consumption is high (e.g. WiFi or Bluetooth based devices). However, it becomes the bottleneck for backscatter based platforms. Third, backscatter readers are not currently deployed in existing indoor environments to provide a continuous carrier for carrying backscattered information. As a result, backscatter deployment is not yet widespread. This thesis addresses these challenges by making the following contributions. First, we design a network stack that enables continuous operation despite decreasing harvested power across distance by employing an OS abstraction --- task fragmentation. We show that such a network stack enables packet transfer even when the whole system is powered by a 3cmx3cm solar panel under natural indoor light condition. Second, we design a hardware architecture that minimizes the computational overhead of backscatter to enable over 1Mbps backscatter transmission while consuming less than 100uWs of power, a two order of magnitude improvement over the state-of-the-art. Finally, we design a system that can leverage both ambient WiFi and BLE signals for backscatter. Our empirical evaluation shows that we can backscatter 500bps data on top of a WiFi stream and 50kbps data on top of a Bluetooth stream when the backscatter device is 3m away from the commercial WiFi and Bluetooth receivers.
Backscatter Communication Solutions For Ubiquitous Sensing
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Author : Mohamad Katanbaf
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Backscatter Communication Solutions For Ubiquitous Sensing written by Mohamad Katanbaf and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
Backscatter communication suggests a low-cost solution to connect billions of devices through wireless signals and realize the vision of the Internet Of Things (IoT). However, due to challenges such as deployment complexity, reliability, and scalability, the promise of ubiquitous backscatter connectivity has eluded us. In this writing, I suggest three solutions to address these challenges and enable widespread backscatter connectivity.First, I introduce "Full-Duplex LoRa Backscatter" a low-cost, long-range monostatic backscatter solution that simplifies the deployment of low-cost backscatter systems. Next, I explain "Relacks" a bistatic backscatter system compatible with the BLE standard that exploits frequency and antenna diversity and a closed-loop design to deliver reliable backscatter coverage. Finally, I propose "MultiScatter", the first multistatic backscatter network for battery-free sensing, where a network of multiple receivers and transmitters base units are employed to deliver backscatter connectivity to many battery-free sensor nodes over a wide area.
Backscatter Protocols And Energy Efficient Computing For Rf Powered Devices
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Author : Michael Buettner
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Backscatter Protocols And Energy Efficient Computing For Rf Powered Devices written by Michael Buettner and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Computer networks categories.
RF-powered computers operate using energy they harvest from radio frequency (RF) signals. Compared to battery powered devices, they have the advantages of being small and long-lived as they do not need to carry an onboard energy-store, and they can be embedded inside objects, structures and even the human body. In this dissertation, I explore how we can build networks of RF-powered computers that support rich functionality across a range of RF environments. Towards this goal, I identify the key challenges to running programs on RF-powered computers, and argue that devices must adapt their behavior to match their task energy consumption to the available power. To demonstrate this approach, I formulate the task scheduling problem for one class of RF-powered devices (computational-RFIDs), and implement Dewdrop, an energy-aware CRFID runtime. By waking tags at the right times, Dewdrop can complete tasks that previously could not complete, and at close to their maximum rate given the power that the RF environment provides. The second challenge I tackle is how to build networks using backscatter communication. Backscatter signaling is an ultra-low power form of communication, but the simplicity needed to achieve such low power operation makes clients prone to interference. To understand how this challenge can be overcome, I use measurement and simulation results to explore the mechanisms by which interference impacts network performance. I then use these insights to develop a network design that mitigates interference and enables backscatter networks to scale well. Experimental results show that this design improves both coverage and capacity in a building-scale network compared to existing designs. This dissertation supports my thesis that RF-powered computers can support rich tasks in a variety of RF environments, and networks of such devices can scale to building-sized deployments. As technology advances, RF-powered devices will only decrease in size and increase in computational power and operational range. By demonstrating that they can also support rich functionality and be used to build building-scale networks, this dissertation demonstrates their potential to provide deeply embedded and long-lived sensing and computation.
Pushing The Limits Of Rf And Underwater Backscatter Systems
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Author : Osvy Rodriguez
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Pushing The Limits Of Rf And Underwater Backscatter Systems written by Osvy Rodriguez and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
Backscatter communication systems, in both air and water, are great alternatives to traditional communication systems due to their low power requirement. The fact that backscatter systems can communicate at near-zero power makes them desirable for long-term applications such as environmental monitoring, asset tracking, and batteryless localization. However, backscatter systems are usually constrained by a limited operational range of a few meters. This limitation is generally due to the low power nature of the backscattered signal. In the case of batteryless backscatter systems, this range becomes more limited by the harvested energy efficiency of these systems. In this thesis, I explore different aspects of in-air and underwater backscatter communication. In airborne media, I explore the limitations of an end-to-end radio frequency (RF) backscatter localization system through the characterization of each component and validate a theoretical model to estimate its limited range under different conditions. In the context of underwater backscatter, I propose an ultra-wideband underwater backscatter system based on a novel metamaterial transducer and evaluate the system in controlled and uncontrolled environments, showing that it achieves more range and more throughput than prior state-of-the-art underwater backscatter designs. In doing so, this thesis extends our understanding of RF backscatter and advances the capabilities of underwater backscatter for next-generation energy-efficient communications.
The Rf In Rfid
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Author : Daniel Dobkin
language : en
Publisher: Newnes
Release Date : 2012-11-01
The Rf In Rfid written by Daniel Dobkin and has been published by Newnes this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-11-01 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book explains how UHF tags and readers communicate wirelessly. It gives an understanding of what limits the read range of a tag, how to increase it (and why that might result in breaking the law), and the practical things that need to be addressed when designing and implementing RFID technology. Avoiding heavy math but giving breadth of coverage with the right amount of detail, it is an ideal introduction to radio communications for engineers who need insight into how tags and readers work. New to this edition: • Examples of near-metal antenna techniques • Discussion of the wakeup challenge for battery-assisted tags, with a BAT architecture example • Latest development of protocols: EPC Gen 1.2.0 • Update 18000-6 discussion with battery-assisted tags, sensor tags, Manchester tags and wakeup provisions Named a 2012 Notable Computer Book for Computer Systems Organization by Computing Reviews The only book to give an understanding of radio communications, the underlying technology for radio frequency identification (RFID) Praised for its readability and clarity, it balances breadth and depth of coverage New edition includes latest developments in chip technology, antennas and protocols
Rfid And Sensor Networks
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Author : Yan Zhang
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2009-11-04
Rfid And Sensor Networks written by Yan Zhang and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-11-04 with Business & Economics categories.
The escalating demand for ubiquitous computing along with the complementary and flexible natures of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have sparked an increase in the integration of these two dynamic technologies. Although a variety of applications can be observed under development and in practical use, there
Packaging Structures
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Author : Naomi Ferguson
language : en
Publisher: Links Books
Release Date : 2012
Packaging Structures written by Naomi Ferguson and has been published by Links Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Design categories.
This book covers 142 unique and original packaging designs from all over the world that have drawn on the characteristics of the products in each case to generate innovative structures complemented with fresh and bold graphic design.