Five Constraints On Predicting Behavior
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Five Constraints On Predicting Behavior
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Author : Jerome Kagan
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2017-08-11
Five Constraints On Predicting Behavior written by Jerome Kagan and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-08-11 with Psychology categories.
A distinguished psychologist considers five conditions that constrain inferences about the relation between brain activity and psychological processes. Scientists were unable to study the relation of brain to mind until the invention of technologies that measured the brain activity accompanying psychological processes. Yet even with these new tools, conclusions are tentative or simply wrong. In this book, the distinguished psychologist Jerome Kagan describes five conditions that place serious constraints on the ability to predict mental or behavioral outcomes based on brain data: the setting in which evidence is gathered, the expectations of the subject, the source of the evidence that supports the conclusion, the absence of studies that examine patterns of causes with patterns of measures, and the habit of borrowing terms from psychology. Kagan describes the important of context, and how the experimental setting—including the room, the procedure, and the species, age, and sex of both subject and examiner—can influence the conclusions. He explains how subject expectations affect all brain measures; considers why brain and psychological data often yield different conclusions; argues for relations between patterns of causes and outcomes rather than correlating single variables; and criticizes the borrowing of psychological terms to describe brain evidence. Brain sites cannot be in a state of “fear.” A deeper understanding of the brain's contributions to behavior, Kagan argues, requires investigators to acknowledge these five constraints in the design or interpretation of an experiment.
Five Constraints On Predicting Behavior
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Author : Jerome Kagan
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2017-08-11
Five Constraints On Predicting Behavior written by Jerome Kagan and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-08-11 with Psychology categories.
A distinguished psychologist considers five conditions that constrain inferences about the relation between brain activity and psychological processes. Scientists were unable to study the relation of brain to mind until the invention of technologies that measured the brain activity accompanying psychological processes. Yet even with these new tools, conclusions are tentative or simply wrong. In this book, the distinguished psychologist Jerome Kagan describes five conditions that place serious constraints on the ability to predict mental or behavioral outcomes based on brain data: the setting in which evidence is gathered, the expectations of the subject, the source of the evidence that supports the conclusion, the absence of studies that examine patterns of causes with patterns of measures, and the habit of borrowing terms from psychology. Kagan describes the important of context, and how the experimental setting—including the room, the procedure, and the species, age, and sex of both subject and examiner—can influence the conclusions. He explains how subject expectations affect all brain measures; considers why brain and psychological data often yield different conclusions; argues for relations between patterns of causes and outcomes rather than correlating single variables; and criticizes the borrowing of psychological terms to describe brain evidence. Brain sites cannot be in a state of “fear.” A deeper understanding of the brain's contributions to behavior, Kagan argues, requires investigators to acknowledge these five constraints in the design or interpretation of an experiment.
Trio Of Pursuits A Puzzles In Human Development
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Author : Jerome Kagan
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2021-01-04
Trio Of Pursuits A Puzzles In Human Development written by Jerome Kagan and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-01-04 with Psychology categories.
The culmination of almost seven decades of research, A Trio of Pursuits: Puzzles in Human Development is the magnum opus of the career of Dr. Jerome Kagan, Emeritus Professor of Psychology, Harvard University, USA. This book summarizes three of the author's major research themes during a career that spanned from 1954 to present: preservation of individual traits, maturation of cognition and emotions, and the influence of two temperamental biases on personality. An introspective chapter on the deeper lessons learned by the author in research is also included, covering narratives such as the need to specify the context in which data are gathered, the need to supplement all self-reported data, studying puzzling observations rather than confirmation of a priori hypotheses, and avoiding the error of attributing psychological predicates to brain evidence. This book is a must-have for students and academics of Psychology and Cognitive Science, and may also be of interest to social scientists.
Thinking Critically About Child Development
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Author : Jean Mercer
language : en
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Release Date : 2019-02-12
Thinking Critically About Child Development written by Jean Mercer and has been published by SAGE Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-02-12 with Psychology categories.
With a unique focus on inquiry, Thinking Critically About Child Development presents 74 claims related to child development for readers to examine and think through critically. Author Jean Mercer and new co-authors Stephen Hupp and Jeremy Jewell use anecdotes to illustrate common errors of critical thinking and encourage students to consider evidence and logic relevant to everyday beliefs. New material in the Fourth Edition covers adolescence, adverse childhood experiences, genetics, LGBT issues for both parents and children, and other issues about sexuality, keeping readers up to date on the latest scholarship in the field.
Between Sanity And Madness
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Author : Allan V. Horwitz
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2020
Between Sanity And Madness written by Allan V. Horwitz and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Medical categories.
"Between Sanity and Madness: Mental Illness from Homer to Neuroscience traces the extensive array of answers that various groups have provided to questions about the nature of mental illness and its boundaries with sanity. What distinguishes mental illnesses from other sorts of devalued conditions and from normality? Should medical, religious, psychological, legal, or no authority at all respond to the mentally ill? Why do some people become mad? What treatments might help them recover? Despite general agreement across societies regarding definitions about the pole of madness, huge disparities exist on where dividing lines should be placed between it and sanity and even if there is any clear demarcation at all. Various groups have provided answers to these puzzles that are both widely divergent and surprisingly similar to current understandings"--
Fictional Worlds And Philosophical Reflection
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Author : Garry Hagberg
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-01-31
Fictional Worlds And Philosophical Reflection written by Garry Hagberg and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-01-31 with Philosophy categories.
This edited collection investigates the kinds of philosophical reflection we can undertake in the imaginative worlds of literature. Opening with a look into the relations between philosophical thought and literary interpretation, the volume proceeds through absorbing discussions of the ways we can see life through the lens of literature, the relations between philosophical saying and literary showing, and some ways we can see the literary past philosophically and assess its significance for the present. Taken as a whole, the volume shows how imagined contexts can be a source of knowledge, a source of conceptual clarification, and a source of insight and understanding. And because philosophical thinking is undertaken, after all, in words, a heightened sensitivity to the precise employments of our words – particularly philosophically central words such as truth, reality, perception, knowledge, selfhood, illusion, understanding, falsehood – can bring a clarity and a refreshed sense of the life that our words take on in fully-described contexts of usage. And in these imagined contexts we can also see more acutely and deeply into the meaning of words about words – metaphor and figurative tropes, verbal coherence, intelligibility, implication, sense, and indeed the word “meaning” itself. Moving from a philosophical issue into a literary world in which the central concepts of that issue are in play can thus enrich our comprehension of those concepts and, in the strongest cases, substantively change the way we see them. With a combination of conceptual acuity and literary sensitivity, this volume maps out some of the territory that philosophical reflection and literary engagement share.
Kinds Come First
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Author : Jerome Kagan
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2019-08-27
Kinds Come First written by Jerome Kagan and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-08-27 with Psychology categories.
An argument that the meaning of a psychological or biological measure depends on the age, gender class, and ethnicity of the human subject. In Kinds Come First, the distinguished psychologist Jerome Kagan argues that—contrary to the common assumption—age, gender, social class, and ethnicity affect the outcomes of psychological measures, and he questions the popular practice that uses statistical procedures to remove the effects of these categories to confirm a favored predictor-outcome relation. The idea that psychological measures have meanings that transcend the kinds of subjects, Kagan writes, reflects a premature hope of discovering broadly generalizable conclusions. In Kinds Come First, Kagan hopes to persuade investigators otherwise. Kagan examines the unique properties of the four categories, making the case that life stage, gender, class, and ethnicity affect psychological measures in complex, nontrivial ways. He discusses the relevance of a person's developmental stage to many outcomes, focusing on the interval from five to twelve months, when working memory and the ability to relate the past to the present expands. He cites evidence suggesting that a person's gender, class of rearing, and ethnicity, within a particular society, are better predictors of health, arrest record, cognitive skills, and current life satisfaction than either their genomes or answers to a personality questionnaire. Finally, Kagan argues, the biological properties that are more common in one gender, class, or ethnic group, are not a defensible basis for restricting access to an educational program, vocation, or position of authority. A society can ignore such differences in order to honor an ethical imperative for equality without incurring serious costs.
A Suspicious Science
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Author : Rami Gabriel
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2023
A Suspicious Science written by Rami Gabriel and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with Psychology categories.
"Psychology is the stage for our drama of self-knowledge. A confused field of inquiry in which neuroscientists and computer scientists keep company with chakra healers and hypnotists, psychology is the space in which we understand the mysteries of who we are. It is the science and set of practices to cure what, in a deep sense, ails us - a lack of control"--
The Stability Of Laughter
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Author : James Nikopoulos
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2018-12-17
The Stability Of Laughter written by James Nikopoulos and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-12-17 with Literary Criticism categories.
A "sad and corrupt" age, a period of "crisis" and "upheaval"—what T.S. Eliot famously summed up as "the panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history." Modernism has always been characterized by its self-conscious sense of suffering. Why, then, was it so obsessed with laughter? From Baudelaire, Nietzsche, Bergson and Freud to Pirandello, Beckett, Hughes, Barnes, and Joyce, no moment in cultural history has written about laughter this much. James Nikopoulos investigates modernity’s paradoxical relationship with mirth. Why was the gesture we conventionally associate with happiness deemed the only sensible way of responding to a world, as Max Weber wrote, that had been "disenchanted of its gods?" In answering these questions, Nikopoulos also delves into our ongoing relationship with laughter. He looks to contemporary research in emotion and evolutionary theory, as well as to the two-thousand-plus-year history of the philosophy of humor, in order to propose a novel way of understanding laughter, humor, and their complicated relationships with modern life. The Stability of Laughter explores how art unsettles the simplifications we revert to in our attempts to make sense of human history and social interaction.
Predictions In The Brain
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Author : Moshe Bar
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2011-05-10
Predictions In The Brain written by Moshe Bar and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-05-10 with Psychology categories.
When one is immersed in the fascinating world of neuroscience findings, the brain might start to seem like a collection of "modules," each specializes in a specific mental feat. But just like in other domains of Nature, it is possible that much of the brain and mind's operation can be explained with a small set of universal principles. Given exciting recent developments in theory, empirical findings and computational studies, it seems that the generation of predictions might be one strong candidate for such a universal principle. This is the focus of Predictions in the brain. From the predictions required when a rat navigates a maze to food-caching in scrub-jays; from predictions essential in decision-making to social interactions; from predictions in the retina to the prefrontal cortex; and from predictions in early development to foresight in non-humans. The perspectives represented in this collection span a spectrum from the cellular underpinnings to the computational principles underlying future-related mental processes, and from systems neuroscience to cognition and emotion. In spite of this diversity, they share some core elements. Memory, for instance, is critical in any framework that explains predictions. In asking "what is next?" our brains have to refer to memory and experience on the way to simulating our mental future. But as much as this collection offers answers to important questions, it raises and emphasizes outstanding ones. How are experiences coded optimally to afford using them for predictions? How do we construct a new simulation from separate memories? How specific in detail are future-oriented thoughts, and when do they rely on imagery, concepts or language? Therefore, in addition to presenting the state-of-the-art of research and ideas about predictions as a universal principle in mind and brain, it is hoped that this collection will stimulate important new research into the foundations of our mental lives.