Flexibilit T In Rahmenvertr Gen

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Broadband For Africa

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Author : Mark D. J. Williams
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2010-03-16

Broadband For Africa written by Mark D. J. Williams and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-03-16 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa see broadband ICT as an essential part of their long-term economic development strategy. Backbone networks are the high-capacity networks that lie at the heart of communications systems and allow the delivery of the high volumes of data needed for broadband. What high-capacity backbone networks that do exist in the region are typically limited to major urban areas and some inter-city routes. Competition between backbone networks is underdeveloped so the price of services remains high and quality is often poor. This pattern of network development is the result of high costs and regulatory restrictions on network development. Where countries have fully liberalized their telecommunications markets and promoted infrastructure competition, prices have fallen and quality improved. Backbone network policy should focus on promoting competition, reducing the cost of network construction and encouraging network development into currently underserved areas. Competition can be promoted by removing regulatory restrictions such as limits on the number of licenses and constraints on type of infrastructure and services that licensees can offer. The cost of backbone network development can be reduced by utilizing energy and transport infrastructure and reducing legal costs such as obtaining planning permission. Stimulating backbone network development beyond major urban areas can be achieved through establishing public-private partnerships to encourage operators to build networks into currently underserved areas.

The Shaping Of Eu Competition Law

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Author : Pablo Ibez Colomo
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2018-07-12

The Shaping Of Eu Competition Law written by Pablo Ibez Colomo and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-12 with Law categories.

A ground breaking study of how the interaction between the European Commission and the EU Courts has shaped EU competition law.

Cultural Diplomacy In Europe

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Author : Caterina Carta
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-06-24

Cultural Diplomacy In Europe written by Caterina Carta and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-24 with Political Science categories.

This edited volume explores European cultural diplomacy, a topic of growing interest across the scholarly and applied public policy communities in recent years. The contributions focus on Europe, culture and diplomacy and the way they are interlinked in the contemporary international context. The European Union increasingly resorts to cultural assets and activity for both internal and external purposes, to foster European cohesion and advancing integration, and to mitigate the demise of other foreign policy components, respectively. This calls for an analysis of the strategic role of culture, especially as it relates to the realm of EU external action. The chapters provide a conceptual discussion of culture in international relations and examine how this concept relates to cultural diplomacy and cultural strategy. The authors discuss roles and relationships with the EU’s 2016 Global Strategy and current EU attempts to foster the EU’s political and societal resilience.

Implementing Co Investment And Network Sharing

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Author : Marc Bourreau
language : en
Publisher: Centre on Regulation in Europe asbl (CERRE)
Release Date : 2020-05-26

Implementing Co Investment And Network Sharing written by Marc Bourreau and has been published by Centre on Regulation in Europe asbl (CERRE) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-26 with Business & Economics categories.

This CERRE report investigates the benefits and drawbacks of telecom infrastructure sharing. The authors have analysed the practice in 12 European countries* and provide recommendations to fairly and efficiently implement co-investment & network sharing agreements in Europe. The new European Electronic Communications Code introduces new regulatory provisions to stimulate investment in next-generation access networks and help to achieve the Gigabit Society targets for the European Union. One of the key new provisions is co-investment for very-high-capacity networks as an alternative to access remedies. As of today, co-investment agreements for the deployment of fast broadband fixed infrastructures have already been implemented in a few European countries. In France, in urban and suburban areas operators are obliged by existing regulations to open to potential co-investors any new fibre infrastructure that they want to roll out, with different modalities for urban and suburban areas. In Portugal, the regulator has not set up similar obligations, but Vodafone and NOS struck a commercial co-investment deal in 2017 to share dark fibre for around 2.6 million homes. Co-investment agreements have also taken place in Italy, Spain and Switzerland. With the new Code, more co-investment agreements are likely to emerge. In mobile markets, network sharing agreements are also very common, both mandated and voluntary, and can take different forms, ranging from sharing of cell sites to sharing of Radio Access Networks (RANs) and spectrum. The deployment of the new 5G mobile technology makes it necessary for operators to share even more of their infrastructure. From a public policy point of view, allowing for infrastructure sharing – where infrastructure sharing encompasses both co-investment and network sharing – involves trade-offs. For example, infrastructure sharing allows operators to share costs – e.g., costs to upgrade or deploy networks, but also operating costs – which may improve their ability to invest, improve coverage and accelerate roll-out – a clear benefit. But, on the other hand, there is the concern that in certain circumstances infrastructure sharing agreements may harm competition, for example, by reducing infrastructure-based competition, and hence investment incentives, or by facilitating collusion between co-investors. The market context (e.g., the market positions of the partners) is a strong determinant of the potential benefits and costs of an agreement. The implementation details of the agreement also matter. The general objective of this report is to discuss the implementation aspects of infrastructure sharing that may affect the trade-off between the benefits of infrastructure sharing, in terms of faster and wider rollout of high-speed networks in particular, and the potential downsides, in terms of reduced investment incentives or softened market competition. We studied the following Implementation aspects: the operational model adopted for infrastructure sharing, whether to regulate or leave the agreement to the market, the interplay between infrastructure sharing and other regulatory provisions, how to price access by late co-investors, and the specificities of infrastructure sharing agreements with business users. Our analysis shows that from a social point of view, infrastructure sharing has the following potential benefits: 1) Sharing of deployment costs, leading to faster and wider coverage and higher quality; 2) Sharing of operational costs, leading to lower prices; 3) Enhanced competition, benefiting consumers in terms of lower prices; 4) Facilitated entry for third-party operators. In the absence of infrastructure sharing, the counterfactual differs depending on the type of technology (fixed or mobile) and the market context (i.e., the dominance of partners). In the fixed market, with SMP operators, but also under the new co-investment provisions in the EECC, the counterfactual involves some access obligations. For fixed infrastructure sharing with non-SMP operators, where sharing occurs on a voluntary basis, the counterfactual would rather involve no access obligation. In the mobile market, the counterfactual situation would involve no access obligation and most (if not all) nationwide networks investing independently to upgrade their networks. The market context and the type of technology deployed (fixed or mobile) will affect the magnitude of potential benefits and drawbacks. The implementation of an infrastructure sharing agreement will also affect the potential benefits and costs of infrastructure sharing. Therefore, we have analysed how an agreement should be implemented to maximize benefits while minimizing potential costs. Finally, in this report, we discussed the experience in various European countries regarding mobile network sharing and fixed co-investment, with a review of the relevant legal cases when available. The legal cases show that infrastructure sharing agreements are generally viewed favourably by competition authorities as fostering faster network roll-out and increased competition, and that there is not one single form of cooperation that is favoured by competition authorities. The cases show that infrastructure sharing transactions, regardless of the form, must take the following anti-competitive effects into account: - The infrastructure sharing involving new network investment should result in more and faster total network roll-out, or more and faster network upgrades, than would otherwise be the case in the absence of cooperation. - As a general matter, infrastructure sharing with limited geographic scope will create fewer competition concerns than sharing covering large parts of a country; sharing in rural areas will create fewer issues than sharing in urban areas. - Sharing of passive network elements will raise fewer competition issues than sharing active network elements, such as RAN sharing. - The pricing of wholesale inputs (passive and active infrastructure, maintenance services) should be analysed both with regard to their impact on the retail pricing strategy of the parties (the risk of price coordination), but also with regard to access prices charged to third party operators (risk of foreclosure). - Where some party’s incentives are not aligned with its contractual investment or maintenance obligations, there is a significant risk of anticompetitive behaviour regardless of what is written in the contract. Therefore, infrastructure sharing deals should be avoided or carefully scrutinized where there is a mismatch in incentives (for example, if one of the parties already has a cable network in a zone covered by the party’s co-investment commitment). - Restrictions to third party access to infrastructure should be eliminated or reduced to the strict minimum necessary for the infrastructure sharing involving new network investment to be viable. - The competitive impact on third party operators of infrastructure sharing will also depend on the existence or not of regulated wholesale access remedies, as well as in co-investment projects the openness to further co-investors. - Information exchange must be limited to what is strictly necessary, including if necessary the organization of internal Chinese walls.

Smart Bioenergy

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Author : Daniela Thrän
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-04-20

Smart Bioenergy written by Daniela Thrän and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-04-20 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Biomass is a vital source of renewable energy, because it offers a wide range of established and potential methods for energy generation. It is also an important facet of the progression toward a sustainable energy future. The need for further development in the provision of bioenergy is underlined by challenges affecting the biomass resource base, including rising demand for biomass for food, feed, materials and fuel. This is underlined by significant concerns over factors relating to land, such as soil, nutrients and biodiversity. This book examines and analyzes Germany's decade-long initiative toward implementation of an active policy for the transition of the energy system to make greater use of renewable energy sources, which has resulted in a significant increase in the amount of biomass used for electricity, heat and transport fuel. The book begins with a review of market and resource base issues and moves on to analyze the technical options for a more integrated bioenergy use. The analysis spans the entire bioenergy provision chain including solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels. A case study offers a detailed model of the effects of smart biomass energy on the German energy system. The book closes with a view of the most promising fields and an appraisal of needed elements for a successful transition.

Regulatory Competition In Contract Law And Dispute Resolution

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Author : Horst Eidenmüller
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2013-08-01

Regulatory Competition In Contract Law And Dispute Resolution written by Horst Eidenmüller and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-08-01 with Law categories.

In many regions of the world and across various fields, law has become a product. Individuals and companies seek attractive legal regulations and countries advertise their legal wares globally as they compete for customers. To analyse this development and to develop policy recommendations with respect to contract law and dispute resolution a conference was held in Munich in October 2011, bringing together leading scholars in the field of contract law and dispute resolution from the US and Europe. This book presents the papers and main comments produced for that conference. The chapters include important papers on, inter alia, law and economic theory, legal transplants, theories of private law, choice of law, the characterisation of contract law and the English and American civil procedural traditions.

The Wheatley Review Of Libor

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Author : Great Britain. Treasury
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012

The Wheatley Review Of Libor written by Great Britain. Treasury and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Interest rates categories.

The Geopolitics Of Renewables

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Author : Daniel Scholten
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-01-11

The Geopolitics Of Renewables written by Daniel Scholten and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-01-11 with Business & Economics categories.

Renewables are a game changer for interstate energy relations. Their abundance and intermittency, possibilities for decentral generation and use of rare earth materials, and generally electric nature of transportation make them very different from fossil fuels. What do these geographic and technical characteristics of renewable energy systems imply for infrastructure topology and operations, business models, and energy markets? What are the consequences for the strategic realities and policy considerations of producer, consumer, and transit countries and energy-related patterns of cooperation and conflict between them? Who are the winners and losers? The Geopolitics of Renewables is the first in-depth exploration of the implications for interstate energy relations of a transition towards renewable energy. Fifteen international scholars combine insights from several disciplines - international relations, geopolitics, energy security, renewable energy technology, economics, sustainability transitions, and energy policy - to establish a comprehensive overview and understanding of the emerging energy game. Focus is on contemporary developments and how they may shape the coming decades on three levels of analysis: · The emerging global energy game; winners and losers · Regional and bilateral energy relations of established and rising powers · Infrastructure developments and governance responses The book is recommended for academics and policy makers. It offers a novel analytical framework that moves from geography and technology to economics and politics to investigate the geopolitical implications of renewable energy and provides practical illustrations and policy recommendations related to specific countries and regions such as the US, EU, China, India, OPEC, and Russia

Land Use Competition

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Author : Jörg Niewöhner
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-07-29

Land Use Competition written by Jörg Niewöhner and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-07-29 with Science categories.

This book contributes to broadening the interdisciplinary knowledge basis for the description, analysis and assessment of land use practices. It presents conceptual advances grounded in empirical case studies on four main themes: distal drivers, competing demands on different scales, changing food regimes and land-water competition. Competition over land ownership and use is one of the key contexts in which the effects of global change on social-ecological systems unfold. As such, understanding these rapidly changing dynamics is one of the most pressing challenges of global change research in the 21st century. This book contributes to a deeper understanding of the manifold interactions between land systems, the economics of resource production, distribution and use, as well as the logics of local livelihoods and cultural contexts. It addresses a broad readership in the geosciences, land and environmental sciences, offering them an essential reference guide to land use competition.

New Political Economy Of Energy In Europe

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Author : Jakub M. Godzimirski
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-09-21

New Political Economy Of Energy In Europe written by Jakub M. Godzimirski and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-09-21 with Political Science categories.

This edited collection details and analyses the dramatic changes that the international political economy of energy has undergone in the past decade. This change began with the increasing assertiveness of Russia when the oil price rose above the $100 mark in 2008. This, combined with the rise of shale oil and gas, made the USA all but self-sufficient in terms of fossil fuels. The collapse of the oil price in 2014-15, Saudi Arabia’s new strategy of defending its market share and the increasingly tense and controversial relationship between the West and Russia all worked to further strengthen the geopolitical dimension of energy in Europe. The global result is a world in which geopolitics play a bigger part than ever before; the central question the authors of this volume grapple with is how the EU – and European small states – can deal with this. Chapter 4 of this book is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com