Four Empirical Essays On Human Capital And Labour Market Outcomes
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Four Empirical Essays On Human Capital And Labour Market Outcomes
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Author : Bethlehem Asres Argaw
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Four Empirical Essays On Human Capital And Labour Market Outcomes written by Bethlehem Asres Argaw and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Human capital, labour market outcomes, causal relations. - Humankapital, Arbeitsmarktergebnisse, kausale Wirkungen
Empirical Essays On Human Capital
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Author : Nagham Sayour
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Empirical Essays On Human Capital written by Nagham Sayour and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
"This thesis is comprised of three empirical essays on the theme of human capital. The essays use natural and laboratory experiments to study the determinants, returns and components of human capital. We first consider the determinants of human capital by studying the effects of maternal care as a determinant of children's human capital. Then we investigate the returns to human capital by studying the effects of immigration policies on immigrants' characteristics and labour market outcomes. Lastly, we examine specific components of human capital through an experiment on non-cognitive skills and preferences. The first essay estimates the causal impact of maternal care on the developmental outcomes of children aged 2-3 years using a parental leave reform implemented in Canada at the end of 2000 as an exogenous variation to maternal care. The reform increased the time mothers spend with their newborns by 3 months without affecting their income net of taxes, transfers and child care costs. Using the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, we employ a difference-in-differences methodology to compare children with a sibling born after the reform to those with a sibling born before the reform, relative to children of the same birth cohorts who did not have a younger sibling in the period surrounding the reform. We find that treated children enjoy a 16 percent increase in the time they spend with their mothers, with maternal care crowding out informal care. The increase in maternal care does not translate into better cognitive, non-cognitive or health outcomes in the short-run or the medium-run. The second essay uses a natural experiment to study the effects of a change in the point system, a system that selects immigrants based on specific observable characteristics, on immigrants' characteristics and labor market outcomes. Specifically, in 2001, Quebec changed its point system, by increasing the points for education and French language and decreasing the points for a subjective category "adaptability". The objective of the reform was to increase the number of French-speaking immigrants without deteriorating their labor market performance. Using a difference-in-differences and triple differences methodology, we show that, compared to immigrants to the Rest of Canada, immigrants to Quebec after the reform hold more bachelor's degrees and know more French than immigrants to Quebec before the reform. However, this does not translate into better labor market outcomes. This essay shows how point systems can be used to shape the immigrant workforce according to policy goals. Non-cognitive skills are a recently incorporated component of human capital in the economics literature. In the third essay, we contribute to this literature through a laboratory experiment on personality traits and risk and ambiguity preferences. We also study the effects of personality traits prevalence in a group on the decision making of each group member. In the experiment, subjects reveal their risk and ambiguity preferences through lottery choices. They then participate in an unstructured group chat. Afterwards, they are given the chance to revise their initial lottery choices. Results show that personality traits affect risk and ambiguity preferences before the chat. Specifically, conscientiousness is negatively related to risk and ambiguity aversion and agreeableness is negatively related to ambiguity aversion. We also show that the probability of changing decisions after the chat is affected by the individual's non-cognitive traits but not by the traits of the other group members." --
Essays On Labor Economics
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Author : Ignez Miranda Tristao
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Essays On Labor Economics written by Ignez Miranda Tristao and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Experiential learning categories.
Human Capital
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Author : Gary S. Becker
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2009-05-15
Human Capital written by Gary S. Becker and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-05-15 with Business & Economics categories.
Human Capital is Becker's classic study of how investment in an individual's education and training is similar to business investments in equipment. Recipient of the 1992 Nobel Prize in Economic Science, Gary S. Becker is a pioneer of applying economic analysis to human behavior in such areas as discrimination, marriage, family relations, and education. Becker's research on human capital was considered by the Nobel committee to be his most noteworthy contribution to economics. This expanded edition includes four new chapters, covering recent ideas about human capital, fertility and economic growth, the division of labor, economic considerations within the family, and inequality in earnings. "Critics have charged that Mr. Becker's style of thinking reduces humans to economic entities. Nothing could be further from the truth. Mr. Becker gives people credit for having the power to reason and seek out their own best destiny."—Wall Street Journal
Empirical Essays On Labor Market Disruptions
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Author : Pernille Plato
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date :
Empirical Essays On Labor Market Disruptions written by Pernille Plato and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
Essays In Empirical Labor Economics
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Author : Mehtap Akgüç
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Essays In Empirical Labor Economics written by Mehtap Akgüç and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
This thesis is composed of three chapters in empirical labor economics with emphasis on education and migration. The first chapter is on the link between various levels of education and aggregate income across countries. The two remaining chapters focus on the educational attainment and labor market outcomes of immigrants in France based on a recent survey. In Chapter 1, I conduct an empirical study of the impact of education on the growth and productivity of countries depending on their level of development and the quality of schooling. Specifically, my paper provides cross-country panel estimations of the returns to the stages (primary, secondary, and tertiary) of education using an aggregate production function approach. My estimates from various panel data methods point to heterogeneous impacts of schooling by levels across countries. In particular, tertiary schooling seems to have a more important effect in countries with a higher level of development and schooling quality, while primary and/or secondary schooling seems to play a more important role in relatively less developed countries with lower schooling quality. My results are ultimately related to development policies in education and human capital investment to boost productivity and growth. In Chapter 2, which is a joint work with Ana Ferrer (University of Waterloo), we provide a detailed analysis of the educational attainment and labor market performance of various sub-populations in France using a recent survey. Our results indicate that immigrants in France are less educated than the native-born population and that these differences can be tracked down to differences in socioeconomic backgrounds for most groups of immigrants. Similarly, there is a significant wage gap between immigrant and native-born workers, but this is reduced and sometimes disappears after correcting for selection into employment. In most cases the remaining differences in education and labor market outcomes seem related to the area of origin of the immigrant as well as where the education of the immigrant is obtained. In Chapter 3, using the same data, I look at the relationship between the labor market outcomes and the entry visa types of immigrants. To this end, I analyze the socioeconomic characteristics of four groups of immigrants based on their visa categories at entry: family migrants, work migrants, refugees, and students. In particular, my paper provides evidence from information on visa categories to gain further insights into the labor market analysis of immigrants. The estimation results suggest that work migrants are more likely to participate in the labor force and be employed than family migrants. However, these gaps disappear after netting out the differences in observable characteristics (except for women). In terms of wages, migrants who came to France as workers or as students earn significantly more than the family migrants. Finally, the paper finds that refugee migrants are not less successful than the family migrants in the labor markets.
Studies In Human Capital
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Author : Jacob Mincer
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 1993-01-01
Studies In Human Capital written by Jacob Mincer and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993-01-01 with Business & Economics categories.
'The books should. . . . be bought by every university library. The research reported here is important, the exposition is lucid, the sequencing of chapters is sensible and the retrospective aspect of the volumes provides a fascinating insight into the working methods of one of the great economists of our time.' - Geraint Johnes, International Journal of Manpower Studies in Human Capital, the first volume of Jacob Mincer's essays to be published in this series, assesses the impact of education and job training on wage growth. It offers an authoritative study of the effects of human capital investments on labor turnover and the impact of technological change on human capital formation.
Essays On The Role Of Ethnicity In Labor Market Outcomes And Human Capital
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Author : Agnieszka Postepska
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Essays On The Role Of Ethnicity In Labor Market Outcomes And Human Capital written by Agnieszka Postepska and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Economics categories.
In the second chapter we examine whether ethnicity plays a significant role in inter-generational transfer of human capital. Relying on heteroskedasticity to identify parameters in presence of endogeneity, we revisit the Borjas ethnic capital hypothesis. In line with the literature, we find evidence that the OLS estimates of the effect of parental human capital on the children's educational attainment is biased upwards. The same is true for the estimates of the effects of the ethnic capital on intergenerational transmission of education. We also find that while parental capital has a relatively constant effect over time, the effect of ethnic capital has declined over the years. Interestingly, we also find evidence that women benefit from the quality of their ethnic environment while men appear to be unaffected by it.
Essays In Labor And Family Economics
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Author : Maxwell Chenming Rong
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Essays In Labor And Family Economics written by Maxwell Chenming Rong and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
This dissertation consists of four essays on labor economics with a particular focus on the causes and consequences of major life cycle choices such as marriage, occupational choice, and retirement. How do the consequential decisions that individuals make in these dimensions affect the kinds of risks they will face throughout their life, and how can they insure themselves against them? I study these questions with a mix of survey and administrative data, using a variety of structural and reduced-form methods. In the first chapter I study how sharing a workplace with one's spouse can affect the dynamics of household income growth and risk, shedding light on the relationship between worker mobility and monopsony power in the labor market. There has been a large empirical literature documenting rent sharing between workers and firms: firms pass through performance shocks to the earnings of their employees, a fact inconsistent with perfectly competitive labor markets. This fact can be rationalized by monopsonistic models of labor markets where firm market power arises from imperfect worker mobility. An untested implication of these models is that firms should use the information available to them to infer differences in mobility for their workers and engage in price discrimination, resulting in differences in rent sharing. In this paper I provide novel evidence for this prediction by studying coworking couples: married couples who share an employer. Using Norwegian administrative data, I quantify differences in the pass-through of idiosyncratic firm shocks to coworking couples, and find that women in coworking couples experience less generous rent sharing: at any given level of firm performance, they have lower income growth than their non-coworking counterparts. These differences result in large differences in household income dynamics: coworking couples face lower average income growth and higher income risk, with substantial consequences for welfare. Firms exploit the fact that coworking couples are less mobile in order to engage in less generous rent sharing agreements, which explain a substantial fraction of the observed difference in income growth and risk. In the second chapter, I study the importance of liquid savings for smoothing consumption in the face of income shocks. I take advantage of a unique institutional feature of certain US retirement accounts, including Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs): prior to the age of 59.5, withdrawals from these accounts are subject to an additional 10\% tax penalty to discourage early withdrawal. Thus, IRAs undergo a sharp and predictable change in liquidity at age 59.5. Using survey data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), I document 3 facts. First, annual withdrawals from IRAs increase sharply by \$1,500 on average after age 59.5. Second, households with low liquid wealth in the form of checking and savings deposits have the largest proportional increases in withdrawals. Finally, IRA withdrawals increase in response to falls in income, but only for those with low liquid wealth. Using consumption data from the CAMS supplement to the HRS, I quantify how the increased liquidity of IRAs after age 59.5 helps households insure consumption against income shocks. In the third chapter, I study how workers of different skill levels are differentially affected by sudden job displacement events. Through a framework of general and occupation-specific human capital, I study the potential labor market consequences of a technology shock such as AI which displaces workers in high-skill occupations. Workers with high general human capital can partially insure themselves against job loss by switching occupations, but they also tend to be employed in occupations with high returns to specific human capital, meaning that their potential losses are much larger. To evaluate the relative size of these two forces, I specify and estimate a dynamic model of occupational choice, and use it to analyze the impact of a hypothetical job-destroying technology shock to high-skill occupations. Despite finding substantial ability of high skill workers to cushion the shock by switching occupations, the model predicts that a 40\% increase in the job destruction rate in high skill occupations results in average earnings losses of 2.4 to 5.4\% for workers in these occupations. These losses are substantially larger than the losses from an analogous shock in low skill occupations. In the fourth chapter, I document and seek to explain a novel fact about gender differences in the cyclicality of unemployment. Using historical Current Population Survey data, I show that after 1979, male unemployment became significantly more cyclical than female. I hypothesize that the reason for this increase is the drastic decline in male unionization rates from the 1980s to the present. I leverage the passage of right-to-work laws in 7 states that weakened the power of unions to test this hypothesis, and find mixed results. However, I also take advantage of the limited panel dimension of the CPS to directly compare the unemployment cyclicality of unionized and non-unionized workers. I show that due to the drastic decrease in male unionization relative to female, even a small difference in union cyclicality can explain a great deal of the gender unemployment cyclicality gap.
Human Capital
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Author : Joop Hartog
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2007-06-28
Human Capital written by Joop Hartog and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-06-28 with Business & Economics categories.
At a time when governments and policy-makers put so much emphasis on 'the knowledge economy' and the economic value of education, human capital theory has never been more important. However, research in this area is often very technical and therefore not easily accessible to those who wish to use it as a guide to policy formation. This book provides an interface between such research and its potential applications in government, education and business. Reporting on a major research initiative, new findings are presented in a non-technical way on three major themes: measuring the benefits from human capital, applications of the human capital model, and policy interventions. Aimed at academic researchers and professionals concerned with the problems and techniques of human capital theory, it will also be useful for graduate courses on the economics of education to complement standard textbooks.