Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determining Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields For U S Cigarettes
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The Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determining Tar Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields Of U S Cigarettes
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Author : Donald R. Shopland
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 1997-07
The Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determining Tar Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields Of U S Cigarettes written by Donald R. Shopland and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-07 with Cigarette smoke categories.
A review of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) method for determining tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide levels in U.S. cigarettes by the National Cancer Institute, with contributions from an expert panel of medical, legal and tobacco industry personnel. Focuses on the health effects of the components of cigarette smoke with discussions on consumer smoking patterns and perceptions of FTC labeling of tar and nicotine ratings. Examines the FTC testing parameters with recommendations for changes to those parameters and to labeling. Tables, graphs and references.
The Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determining Tar Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields Of U S Cigarettes
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Author : Department of Health & Human Services
language : en
Publisher: CreateSpace
Release Date : 2014-05-22
The Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determining Tar Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields Of U S Cigarettes written by Department of Health & Human Services and has been published by CreateSpace this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-05-22 with Medical categories.
In response to the emerging scientific evidence that cigarette smoking posed a significant health risk to the user, in the early 1950's the major cigarette manufacturers began widespread promotion of filtered cigarettes to reassure smokers that, regardless of whatever unhealthy constituents were in cigarette smoke, filters were a "scientific" breakthrough. Advertisements for Viceroy's "health guard filter" stated, "DENTISTS ADVISE-Smoke VICEROYS-The Nicotine and Tars Trapped by The Viceroy Filter CAN NEVER STAIN YOUR TEETH!" and "Leading N.Y. Doctor Tells His Patients What to Smoke-Filtered Cigarette Smoke Is Better For Health. The Nicotine and Tars Trapped ... Cannot Reach Mouth, Throat Or Lungs." Chesterfield was "Best for you-low in nicotine, highest in quality," while L&M's were "Just What the Doctor Ordered." Lorillard Tobacco Company stressed its science-based Kent micronite filter (the original micronite filter was made of asbestos) and claimed it removed seven times more tar and nicotine than any other cigarette, which "put Kent in a class all by itself where health protection is concerned." Of course, we know today that not only were these claims patently false, but the cigarette companies knew ,it. In the early 1950's the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) challenged a variety of health claims made for cigarettes in their advertising, including claims about tar and nicotine. In 1955 FTC published advertising guidelines that, among other things, prohibited claims by cigarette manufacturers that a particular brand of cigarettes was low in tar and nicotine or lower than other brands, when it had not been established by competent scientific proof that the claim was true and the difference was significant. Cigarette manufactures, however, continued to advertise tar numbers. In the absence of a standardized test methodology, this resulted in what is referred to as a "tar derby"-a multitude of inconsistent, noncomparable claims that did not give consumers a meaningful opportunity to assess the relative tar delivery of competing brands. The tar derby ended in 1960 when discussions with FTC culminated in an industry agreement to refrain from tar and nicotine advertising. In 1966, however, the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) prepared a technical report on "tar" and nicotine that concluded, "The preponderance of scientific evidence strongly suggests that the lower the 'tar' and nicotine content of cigarette smoke, the less harmful would be the effect." In reaching this conclusion, the report noted the clear relationship between dose of cigarette smoke received by the smoker and disease risk. Regardless of how dose was calculated-by number of cigarettes smoked per day, age of initiation, total number of years one smoked, or depth of inhalation, mortality rates among smokers increased. When smokers quit smoking, their risk was reduced in proportion to the length of time off cigarettes.
Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determining Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields For U S Cigarettes
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date :
Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determining Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields For U S Cigarettes written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
The Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determining Tar Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields Of U S Cigarettes
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Author : National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
The Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determining Tar Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields Of U S Cigarettes written by National Institutes of Health (U.S.) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Cigarettes categories.
The Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determining Tar Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields Of U S Cigarettes
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Author : National Cancer Institute (U.S.)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
The Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determining Tar Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields Of U S Cigarettes written by National Cancer Institute (U.S.) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Nicotine categories.
The Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determining Tar Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields Of U S Cigarettes
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
The Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determining Tar Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields Of U S Cigarettes written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with categories.
The Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determing Tar Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields Of U S Cigarettes
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Author : National Cancer Institute (U.S.)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
The Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determing Tar Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields Of U S Cigarettes written by National Cancer Institute (U.S.) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Smoking categories.
Risks Associated With Smoking Cigarettes With Low Machine Measured Yields Of Tar And Nicotine
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Author : Department of Health & Human Services
language : en
Publisher: CreateSpace
Release Date : 2014-05-23
Risks Associated With Smoking Cigarettes With Low Machine Measured Yields Of Tar And Nicotine written by Department of Health & Human Services and has been published by CreateSpace this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-05-23 with Medical categories.
This monograph, Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine, is the 13th report published in the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Smoking and Tobacco Control Program Monograph Series. One feature of this monograph is that it blends the old with the new. Monograph 7, The FTC Cigarette Test Method for Determining Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide Yields of U.S. Cigarettes, covered the history of that protocol and recommended changes in its procedures. Chapter 2 of this publication cites this earlier monograph, brings us up to date on the FTC method, and provides additional suggestions as to what can be done to help alert the public to the dangers of smoking. The examination of the scientific literature on low-tar and low-nicotine cigarettes is not unique to this monograph. Several of the earlier volumes devoted one or more chapters to discussions of the various health aspects of tar and nicotine levels. However, this monograph includes more than just the study of amounts of tar and nicotine. Chapter 5 includes a discussion on the continued health risks to smokers, even those who smoke a low-tar/low-nicotine cigarette, while Chapter 2 describes how changes in the cigarette design affect an individual's smoking habit. Chapter 7 points out how the tobacco companies' advertisements have changed to match the emerging public preference for low-tar/low-nicotine cigarettes. This monograph is unique in another important aspect. For the first time, the authors who prepared the various chapters have had extensive access to the information gleaned from the internal documents of the tobacco companies. The tobacco industry files now open to the public and available on the Internet constitute some 33 million pages of formal and informal memos, meeting notes, research papers, and similar corporate documents. Included are marketing strategies that express the growing concern among the various tobacco companies of the potential loss of new recruits. This concern over the potential loss of market was due to the evolving public opinion that smoking is harmful to health and that it is related to many of the illnesses that smokers experience over the course of their lives. The singular message that has been delivered to the public—smoking causes cancer—is gradually being accepted by more and more people of all ages.
The Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determining Tar Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields Of U S Cigarettes
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Author : National Cancer Institute (U.S.)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
The Ftc Cigarette Test Method For Determining Tar Nicotine And Carbon Monoxide Yields Of U S Cigarettes written by National Cancer Institute (U.S.) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Bioavailability categories.
How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Government publications categories.
This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.