Fundamental Forces Of Nature
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Fundamental Forces Of Nature The Story Of Gauge Fields
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Author : Kerson Huang
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2007-05-17
Fundamental Forces Of Nature The Story Of Gauge Fields written by Kerson Huang and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-05-17 with Science categories.
Gauge fields are the messengers carrying signals between elementary particles, enabling them to interact with each other. Originating at the level of quarks, these basic interactions percolate upwards, through nuclear and atomic physics, through chemical and solid state physics, to make our everyday world go round. This book tells the story of gauge fields, from Maxwell's 1860 theory of electromagnetism to the 1954 theory of Yang and Mills that underlies the Standard Model of elementary particle theory. In the course of the narration, the author introduces people and events in experimental and theoretical physics that contribute to ideas that have shaped our conception of the physical world.
Mathematical Solution Unifying The Four Fundamental Forces In Nature
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Author : Richard Lighthouse
language : en
Publisher: Richard Lighthouse
Release Date : 2013-08-14
Mathematical Solution Unifying The Four Fundamental Forces In Nature written by Richard Lighthouse and has been published by Richard Lighthouse this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-08-14 with Science categories.
This technical note describes a simple mathematical-geometrical solution for unifying the four fundamental forces in nature. The fundamental forces of gravitation, electromagnetism, strong force, and the weak force are actually different aspects of the same force. In general, the relationship between the four forces can be described using a form of the equation for Analog Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (Analog-QAM). This equation form is developed utilizing the concept of a “blinking” or discrete physical universe. The approach to develop the solution is described by minimizing the number of available dimensions (zero), which is in contrast to numerous efforts (String theory, M- theory, Quantum gravity) that attempt to maximize the number of dimensions under consideration. An Electrical Universe (EU) model is presented that provides sufficient conditions for a solution. This mathematical solution should be tested against experimental data to confirm its validity, however it is noted that, “discrete-time” forces will be measured differently than “time-averaged” forces in a laboratory environment. Confirmation of the theory is suggested through small, discrete-time interval measurements of the gravitational acceleration force and the electromagnetic force, where they will be seen to vary continuously, and yet also retain a “time-averaged” value. Each reader must comprehend that our universe literally blinks off and on, more than 1 trillion times every second.
The Forces Of Nature
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Author : Paul F. Kisak
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2017-06-18
The Forces Of Nature written by Paul F. Kisak and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-06-18 with categories.
In physics, the fundamental forces, are the interactions that do not appear to be reducible to more basic interactions. There are four conventionally accepted fundamental interactions-gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, and weak. Each one is described mathematically as a field. The gravitational force is modelled as a continuous classical field. The other three, part of the Standard Model of particle physics, are described as discrete quantum fields, and their interactions are each carried by a quantum, an elementary particle. The strong and weak interactions have short ranges, producing forces at minuscule, subatomic distances; these forces govern nuclear interactions. The strong interaction, which is carried by the gluon particle, is responsible for the binding of quarks together to form hadrons, such as protons and neutrons. As a residual effect, it creates the nuclear force that binds the latter particles to form atomic nuclei. The weak interaction, which is carried by the W and Z particles, also acts on the nucleus, mediating radioactive decay. The other two, electromagnetism and gravity, produce significant forces at macroscopic scales where the effects can be seen directly in everyday life. The electromagnetic force, carried by the photon, creates electric and magnetic fields, which are responsible for chemical bonding and are used in electrical technology. Electromagnetic forces tend to cancel each other out when large collections of objects are considered, so over the largest distances (on the scale of planets and galaxies), gravity tends to be the dominant force. All four fundamental forces are believed to be related, and to unite into a single force at high energies on a minuscule scale, the Planck scale, but particle accelerators cannot produce the enormous energies required to experimentally probe this. A goal of theoretical physicists working beyond the Standard Model is to quantize the gravitational field, yielding a theory of quantum gravity (QG) which would unite gravity in a common theoretical framework with the other three forces. Other theorists seek to unite the electroweak and strong fields within a Grand Unified Theory (GUT). Some theories, notably string theory, seek both QG and GUT within one framework, unifying all four fundamental interactions along with mass generation within a theory of everything (ToE). A few researchers have interpreted various anomalous observations in physics as evidence for a fifth force, but this is not widely accepted. This book is designed to be a state of the art, superb academic reference work and provide an overview of the topic and give the reader a structured knowledge to familiarize yourself with the topic at the most affordable price possible. The accuracy and knowledge is of an international viewpoint as the edited articles represent the inputs of many knowledgeable individuals and some of the most current knowledge on the topic, based on the date of publication.
Particle Physics A Very Short Introduction
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Author : Frank Close
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2023-11-23
Particle Physics A Very Short Introduction written by Frank Close and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-11-23 with Science categories.
Following the discovery of the Higgs boson, Frank Close has produced this major revision to his classic and compelling introduction to the fundamental particles that make up the universe.
Understanding Forces Of Nature
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Author : Kristen Petersen
language : en
Publisher: Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC
Release Date : 2014-12-15
Understanding Forces Of Nature written by Kristen Petersen and has been published by Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-12-15 with Juvenile Nonfiction categories.
Physics deals with subjects ranging from how things move to the creation of our universe. This book introduces us to what is being learned about the relationship of gravity, electricity, and magnetism at the subatomic level.
Forces In Nature
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Author : Liz Sonneborn
language : en
Publisher: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc
Release Date : 2004-12-15
Forces In Nature written by Liz Sonneborn and has been published by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-12-15 with Science categories.
Describes forces found in nature, including graviational force and electromagnetic force, and how they work.
Grace
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Author : Jack Byrd
language : en
Publisher: Publishamerica Incorporated
Release Date : 2007-12
Grace written by Jack Byrd and has been published by Publishamerica Incorporated this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-12 with Body, Mind & Spirit categories.
In December of 1900 Max Planck defined the discrete quantum of electromagnetic energy. Planckas quantum was subsequently expanded by Einstein and others, forming a new perspective of reality. Central to the quantum perspective is a probability function that disagrees with the classical Greek concept of a cosmic architecture that was explainable by objective and standard geometric principles. The quantum brought to center stage a rationality that hinges on subjectivity, observer experiences, and randomness. The quantum significantly modified classical principles initially established by the Greek philosophers that supported an objective and deterministic reality. With the quantum came beliefs that nature and reality are dependent only on our experiences; reality is not a single objective event, but an array of subjective interpretations. A conscious observer, his experiences, inductive thinking, subjectivity, and metaphorical interpretations within the concept of complementarity became the norm. Within this framework of reality are four fundamental forces of nature: gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. This effort introduces a fifth forceagraceathat is also present within the fabric of creation. Grace is actually the envelope in which the four fundamental forces dwell. The focus of this book is that grace, when recognized as the fifth force, can become a mediating and common denominator for much of the religious polarization that is evident across our globe.
An Eventful Journey To Unification Of All The Fundamental Forces
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Author : Robert Delbourgo
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2019-12-19
An Eventful Journey To Unification Of All The Fundamental Forces written by Robert Delbourgo and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-12-19 with Science categories.
During the last years of his life Einstein tried unsuccessfully to unify electromagnetic force with gravitational force geometrically. The nearest he got was through the ideas of Kaluza and Klein who appended a tiny fifth commuting coordinate to spacetime. Researchers have followed in those footsteps by adding at least six more such minuscule coordinates so as to incorporate the other forces of nature, culminating in string theory — which has unfortunately not met with experimental support. Other proposals have likewise failed or are still waiting to be confirmed experimentally.The author shows that one can successfully unify gravity with electromagnetism geometrically by adding a single complex anticommuting coordinate to spacetime, which can be associated with the property of 'electricity'. By adding extra four anticommuting properties ('chromicity' and 'neutrinicity'), associated with strong and weak interactions, one can get a unified picture of all the natural forces and particles including the 'standard model': The whole construct relies upon the full specification of events and automatically allows for replication of particle families. The monograph traces the history of attempts of unification before explaining the author's 'where-when-what' scheme.
Forces Of Nature
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Author : P. C. W. Davies
language : en
Publisher: CUP Archive
Release Date : 1986-07-31
Forces Of Nature written by P. C. W. Davies and has been published by CUP Archive this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1986-07-31 with Science categories.
"Since the first edition of the book appeared in 1979 major developments have occurred, with the discovery of yet more particles and the emergence of novel theoretical ideas. Most exciting is the recent progress towards a unified description of the forces of nature, which received a major boost when the so-called W and Z particles were found in 1983. Other promising advances include the study of grand unified theories (GUTs) with their predictions of magnetic monopoles and proton decay, and their sweeping implications for our understanding of the very early stages of the universe."--Page 4 de la couverture.
Old And New Forces Of Nature
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Author : Antonio Zichichi
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-09
Old And New Forces Of Nature written by Antonio Zichichi and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-09 with Science categories.
During August 1985, a group of 95 physicists from 61 laboratories in 24 countries met in Erice for the 23rd Course of the International School of Subnu clear Physics. The countries represented were: Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Marocco, Norway, Pakistan, the Peoples' Republic of China, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kindom, and the United States of America. The School was sponsored by the European Physical Society (EPS), the Italian Ministry of Public Education (MPI), the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research (MRST), the Sicilian Regional Government (ERS), and the Weizmann Institute of Science. This year's programme was devoted to the key point of present times: do new substructures and therefore new forces of nature exist, in addition to the well-known ones? This key point was reviewed from the theoretical point of view, keeping both eyes open on the checking of theories versus experimental facts. This is way a large spectrum of basic experiments and theoretical works having their roots in the known fundamental forces, have been discussed in great detail by world specialists. I hope the reader will enjoy the book as much as the students enjoyed the School, and the most attractive part of it, the discussions sessions. Thanks to the scientific work these discussions have been reproduced as closely as possible to the real event.