Gender Equity In Athletics
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Gender Equity In Athletics
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Author : Walter E. Block
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Gender Equity In Athletics written by Walter E. Block and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with categories.
For years intercollegiate athletics has offered interested and able students' opportunities to experience the lessons of competition, develop physical and leadership skills, be a part of a team, and perhaps most important, enjoy themselves. Good intercollegiate athletics programs require competitive parity, universal and consistently applied rules, and an opportunity to participate according to one's interest and ability. The majority of NCAA members have sought to assure the foregoing conditions, but there is considerable evidence that they have not fully succeeded with regard to women. Because there was no assurance of equal opportunity in the range of components of education, Congress enacted Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972. The federal law stipulates that: "[n]o person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." Interestingly, an often ignored subsection of the statute, often quoted by football coaches, provides: "[N]othing contained in subsection (a)...shall be interpreted to require any educational institution to grant preferential or disparate treatment to the members of one sex on account of an imbalance that may exist with respect to the total number or percentage of persons of that sex participating in or receiving the benefits of any federally supported program or activity, in comparison with the total number or percentage of persons of that sex in any community, State, section or other area...." (20 U.S.C. S1681(b)) In 1991, the NCAA surveyed its member's expenditures for women's and men's athletics programs. The survey revealed that undergraduate enrollment was roughly equally divided by sex, but men constituted 69.5% of the participants in intercollegiate athletics and their programs received approximately 70% of the athletics scholarship funds, 77% of operating budgets, and 83% of recruiting money. In response to the study the NCAA appointed a Gender Equity Task Force that submitted its report during July 1993. The Task Force, in its report, defined gender equity as follows: "An athletics program can be gender equitable when the participants in both men's and women's sports programs would accept as fair and equitable the overall program of the other gender." The report defined the ultimate goal of gender equity as: "The ultimate goal of each institution should be that the numbers of male and female athletes are substantially proportionate to their numbers in the institution's undergraduate population." In January 1994, the NCAA members gave a lukewarm endorsement of gender equity by voting to encourage member institutions to follow the "law" concerning gender equity. One purpose of this article is to review the guiding regulations and cases that interpret the "law" for the benefit of those who are interested in effectively accommodating the interest and abilities of women athletes. We are concerned that the Federal court decisions which have dealt specifically with Title IX and "gender equity" have generally failed to focus on the real meaning of Title IX, "fully and effectively accommodating the interests and abilities of women athletes." This is due to a misguided focus almost solely on proportionality in numbers rather than on a real accommodation of athletic abilities. Another goal of this article is to philosophically and legally examine the underlying principles of gender equity in athletics. To this end we will criticize this "law" from a perspective based on property rights and economic freedom.
Gender Equity In Athletics
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Gender Equity In Athletics written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with School sports categories.
More Than A Game
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Author : Cynthia Lee A. Pemberton
language : en
Publisher: UPNE
Release Date : 2002
More Than A Game written by Cynthia Lee A. Pemberton and has been published by UPNE this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Biography & Autobiography categories.
The story of the crusade for gender equity in sport and for compliance with Title IX at a small, liberal arts college in northwest Oregon.
Sporting Equality
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Author : Rita J. Simon
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-09-29
Sporting Equality written by Rita J. Simon and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-29 with Social Science categories.
As part of its Education Amendments, the United States Congress passed Title IX in 1972 to ensure that no person should be discriminated against in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. In the decades since, Title IX has had, among other effects, a marked increase on school athletic programs for women and girls at both the high school and college level. Despite this, a range of questions have been raised about the effectiveness of the federal government's enforcement, and also the impact on male athletics. The government can enact legislation, but how it works remains the domain of administrators at one end and thousands of athletes at the other. Sporting Equality reviews the impact of Title IX thirty years after its passage, and suggests future areas of contention.This new title includes the major findings and recommendations of the Secretary of Education's Commission on Opportunities in Athletics established in 2002, as well as the commission's minority report. These contributions are followed by seven chapters that analyze and assess the strength and weakness of Title IX and offer recommendations for strengthening or changing its goals and objectives. These include: Kimberly A. Yuracko, ""Title IX and the Problem of Gender Equality in Athletics""; Eric C. Dudley, Jr. and George Rutherglen, ""A Comment on the Report of the Commission to Review Title IX""; Barbara Murray, ""How to Evaluate the Implementation of Title IX at Colleges and Universities and Attitudes and Interest of Students Regarding Athletics""; John J. Cheslock and Deborah Anderson, ""Lessons From Research on Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics""; Valerie M. Bonnette, ""The Little Fusses Over Title IX.""The book concludes with two controversial chapters. The first, by Leo Kocher, argues that Title IX has been detrimental to male athletics, especially gymnastics, swimming, wrestling, and track, while the second by Ellen J. Staurowsky claims that T
Gender Inequality In Sports
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Author : Kirstin Cronn-Mills
language : en
Publisher: Twenty-First Century Books TM
Release Date : 2022-04-05
Gender Inequality In Sports written by Kirstin Cronn-Mills and has been published by Twenty-First Century Books TM this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-04-05 with Young Adult Nonfiction categories.
“We trained just as hard and we have just as much love for our sport. We deserve to play just as much as any other athlete. . . . I am sick and tired of being treated like I am second rate. I plan on standing up for what is right and fighting for equality.” —Sage Ohlensehlen, Women’s Swim Team Captain at the University of Iowa Fifty years ago, US president Richard Nixon signed Title IX into law, making it illegal for federally funded education programs to discriminate based on sex. The law set into motion a massive boom in girls and women’s sports teams, from kindergarten to the collegiate level. Professional women’s sports grew in turn. Title IX became a massive touchstone in the fight for gender equality. So why do girls and women—including trans and intersex women—continue to face sexist attitudes and unfair rules and regulations in sports? The truth is that the road to equality in sports has been anything but straightforward, and there is still a long way to go. Schools, universities, and professional organizations continue to struggle with addressing unequal pay, discrimination, and sexism in their sports programming. Delve into the history and impact of Title IX, learn more about the athletes at the forefront of the struggle, and explore how additional changes could lead to equality in sports. “Girls are socialized to know . . . that gender roles are already set. Men run the world. Men have the power. Men make the decisions. . . . When these girls are coming out, who are they looking up to telling them that’s not the way it has to be? And where better to do that than in sports?” —Muffet McGraw, Head Women’s Basketball Coach at Notre Dame “Fighting for equal rights and equal opportunities entails risk. It demands you put yourself in harm’s way by calling out injustice when it occurs. Sometimes it’s big things, like a boss making overtly sexist remarks or asserting they won’t hire women. But far more often, it’s little, seemingly innocuous, things . . . that sideline the women whose work you depend on every day. You can use your privilege to help those who don’t have it. It’s really as simple as that.” —Liz Elting, women’s rights advocate
Gender Equity In Athletics Title Ix Educational Fact Sheet
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Author : Women's Sports Foundation
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Gender Equity In Athletics Title Ix Educational Fact Sheet written by Women's Sports Foundation and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Sex discrimination against women categories.
Women In Sport Leadership
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Author : Laura J. Burton
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2017-06-26
Women In Sport Leadership written by Laura J. Burton and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-06-26 with Business & Economics categories.
Although women and girls participate in sport in greater numbers than ever before, research shows there has been no significant increase in women leading sport organizations. This book takes an international, evidence-based perspective in examining women in sport leadership and offers future directions for improving gender equity. With contributions from leading international sport scholars and practitioners, it explores the opportunities and challenges women face while exercising leadership in sport organizations and evaluates leadership development practices. While positional leadership is crucial, this book argues that some women may choose to exercise leadership in non-positional ways, challenging readers to consider their personal values and passions. The chapters not only discuss key topics such as gender bias, intersectionality, quotas, networking, mentoring and sponsoring, but also present a variety of strategies to develop and support the next generation of women leaders in sport. A new model of how to achieve gender equity in sport leadership is also introduced. Women in Sport Leadership: Research and Practice for Change is important reading for all students, scholars, leaders, administrators, and coaches with an interest in sport business, policy and management, as well as women’s sport and gender studies.
No Slam Dunk
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Author : Cheryl Cooky
language : en
Publisher: Rutgers University Press
Release Date : 2018-05-30
No Slam Dunk written by Cheryl Cooky and has been published by Rutgers University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-30 with Sports & Recreation categories.
In just a few decades, sport has undergone a radical gender transformation. However, Cheryl Cooky and Michael A. Messner suggest that the progress toward gender equity in sports is far from complete. The continuing barriers to full and equal participation for young people, the far lower pay for most elite-level women athletes, and the continuing dearth of fair and equal media coverage all underline how much still has yet to change before we see gender equality in sports. The chapters in No Slam Dunk show that is this not simply a story of an “unfinished revolution.” Rather, they contend, it is simplistic optimism to assume that we are currently nearing the conclusion of a story of linear progress that ends with a certain future of equality and justice. This book provides important theoretical and empirical insights into the contemporary world of sports to help explain the unevenness of social change and how, despite significant progress, gender equality in sports has been “No Slam Dunk.”
Gender Equity In Athletics
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Author : Steven Vorkapich
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Gender Equity In Athletics written by Steven Vorkapich and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with categories.
Improving Gender Equity In Sports Coaching
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Author : Leanne Norman
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-08-12
Improving Gender Equity In Sports Coaching written by Leanne Norman and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-08-12 with Sports & Recreation categories.
The sport coaching profession has historically been and continues to be a White male-dominated occupation and this remains a global issue. This imbalance persists despite an improvement in wider social attitudes and legislation towards equality and diversity within many societies, and despite the action by sporting organisations and national governing bodies. Within the research literature, the underrepresentation of women in sport coaching is a well-documented issue with a number of research studies highlighting the experiences and impact of being in the minority for women coaches. The issue of gender inequity in sport coaching is a long-standing one and shows little sign of changing significantly anytime soon. Therefore, a new approach is needed, one that draws on the knowledge and evidence we have to create actionable, sustainable, deep-rooting interventions that challenge the issue of gender equity at its very core. The overall purpose of Improving Gender Equity in Sports Coaching is to take an action or forward-thinking approach about what works, or could work, to improve the recruitment, development, or promotion of women sport coaches. The book brings together a global group of esteemed scholars working in this subject area. In this book, we have brought together not just the insight but also a collection of strategies and recommendations as to how this research could be or has been utilised to make our sport coaching envrionment places where all coaches feel as though they belong. As such, this ground-breaking book is a must read not just for students and researchers of gender equity in sport but also for policy and decision-makers working in sport.